Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials

Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials

Đề bài: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.  

Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms – as table ware, containers, in architecture and design –glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments. Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C., glass has been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. When heated, the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture, and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling.  Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.

Câu 1: Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in paragraph 1?

A. To demonstrate how glass evolved                       

B. To show the versatility of glass

C. To explain glassmaking technology                      

D. To explain the purpose of each component of glass

Câu 2: The word “durable” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.

A. lasting

B. delicate

C. heavy     

D. plain

Câu 3: What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass?

A. They were the same for centuries.            

B. They are liquid.

C. They are transparent.                                 

D. They are very heavy.

Câu 4: According to the passage, how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from most other rigid substances?

A. It has an interlocking crystal network.      

B. It has an unusually low melting temperature.

C. It has varying physical properties.            

D. It has a random molecular structure.

Câu 5: The word “customarily” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by “______”.

A. naturally

B. necessarily

C. usually

D. certainly

Câu 6: The words “exposed to” in paragraph 2 most likely mean ______.

A. hardened by          

B. chilled with                       

C. subjected to                      

D. deprived of

Câu 7: What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture?

A. The glass must be reheated and evenly cooled.  

B. The glass must be cooled quickly.

C. The glass must be kept moist until cooled.         

D. The glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately

Câu 8: The word “induced” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_______.

A. joined   

B. missed   

C. caused   

D. lost

Câu 9: The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to______

A. feature   

B. glass  

C. manner     

D. viscosity

Câu 10: According to the passage, why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than can metals

A. It resists breaking when heated                    

B. It has better optical properties

C. It retains heat while its viscosity changes

D. It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises

Lời giải:

Đáp án:

1B	2A	3A	4D	5C
6C	7A	8C	9B	10D

Giải thích:

1. Thông tin: glass has been used for making various kinds of objects (thủy tinh đã được sử dụng để làm các loại đối tượng)

2. durable = lasting (có thể tồn tại trong thời gian dài)

3. Thông tin: It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. (Lần đầu tiên nó được làm từ hỗn hợp silica, đường và chất kiềm như soda hoặc kali, và những chất này vẫn là thành phần cơ bản của thủy tinh cho đến khi thủy tinh chì phát triển vào thế kỷ 17.)

4. Thông tin: The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. (Khối chất mà được hình thành bằng việc nung chảy sau đó được làm lạnh để tạo thủy tinh, nhưng trái với hầu hết các nguyên liệu khác cũng được hình thành theo cách này (ví dụ như kim loại), thủy tinh thiếu cấu trúc tinh thể thường được kết hợp với thể rắn, và thay vào đó giữ lại một cách ngẫu nhiên các phân tử cấu trúc của thể lỏng.)

5. customarily = usually (thông thường)

6. exposed to (tiếp xúc với) ~ subjected to (đối đầu với)

7. Thông tin: and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling. (và tại sao đồ thủy tinh phải được hâm nóng từ từ và làm nguội đồng đều sau khi sản xuất để giải phóng ứng suất bên trong do làm lạnh không đều.)

8. induced = cause (gây ra)

9. Thông tin: Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. (Một đặc điểm bất thường khác của thủy tinh là cách mà độ nhớt của nó thay đổi khi nó chuyển từ chất lạnh sang chất lỏng nóng, dễ uốn.)

10. Thông tin: Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. (Không giống như kim loại chảy hoặc “đông cứng” ở nhiệt độ cụ thể, thủy tinh mềm dần khi nhiệt độ tăng lên, trải qua các giai đoạn dẻo khác nhau cho đến khi chảy giống như xi-rô đặc. Mỗi giai đoạn của tính dẻo cho phép thủy tinh được chế tác thành nhiều dạng khác nhau, bằng các kỹ thuật khác nhau và nếu được làm lạnh đột ngột, vật thể vẫn giữ được hình dạng đạt được tại thời điểm đó.)