Chương IX Luật Nhà ở 2023: Quản lý, sử dụng nhà chung cư

Chapter IX

MANAGEMENT AND USE OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS

Section 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 142. Private areas and common areas in apartment buildings

1. Private areas in apartment buildings include:

a) Area in flats, including area of balconies and loggias associated with the flats;

b) Other area in apartment buildings recognized as to be under ownership of apartment building owners;

c) Equipment system associated to flats or other area under sole ownership of apartment building owners, other than equipment under joint ownership Clause 2 of this Article.

2. Common areas of apartment buildings include:

a) Remaining area of apartment buildings less private area under Clause 1 of this Article; community house of apartment buildings;

b) Load-bearing space and structures, equipment for common use in apartment buildings including: load-bearing frames, pillars, walls, exterior walls, walls separating flats, floors, ceilings, roofs, rooftops, corridors, staircases, elevators, means of egress, garbage chutes, utility boxes, exterior walls of utility boxes (if any), power supply system, water supply system, gas supply system, communication system, radio system, television system, water drainage system, septic tanks, lightning protection, fire protection, and other sections not under sole ownership of apartment building owners;

c) Outdoor technical infrastructures connected to the apartment buildings, other than technical infrastructures serving public purposes or to be handed over to the Government or developers of housing investment and construction projects for management in accordance with approved projects;

d) Public structures in apartment building vicinity not for business purposes or not to be handed over to the Government in accordance with approved projects including: common yards, flower gardens, parks, and other structures defined in approved projects.

3. Area and equipment under private ownership and joint ownership under this Article shall be clearly defined in contracts for purchase, lease purchase of property or other areas in apartment buildings; if said area and equipment are not clearly defined in contracts for purchase, lease purchase of property, they shall be determined in accordance with this Article.

Article 143. Determination of usable area of flats, other area in apartment buildings; classification of apartment buildings

1. Usable area of flats and other area in apartment buildings under sole ownership of apartment building owners shall be determined by carpet area, including area of walls inside flats, balconies, loggias (if any) and not including area of walls surrounding flats, walls separating flats, floor area occupied by pillars, utility boxes, and walls surrounding utility boxes (if any) in flats. For the purpose of calculating balcony area, calculate the entire floor area; if balcony contains common wall, balcony area shall also include the inside of common walls.

For the purpose of calculating loggia area, calculate the entire floor area from the inside of common walls or walls surrounding flats.

In case of equipment or elements associated with balconies and/or loggias but are considered vertical surface of the structure according to approved design dossiers under construction laws, the equipment and elements shall be considered under joint ownership in apartment buildings.

2. Determination of area under Clause 1 of this Article shall conform to Regulations on management and use of apartment building.

3. Classification of apartment buildings shall conform to regulation of the Government.

Article 144. Parking space in apartment buildings

1. Developers of housing investment and construction projects shall build parking spaces serving apartment building owners and users include motor vehicles, motorbikes, motorized tricycles, bicycles, and mobility aids for people with disability in a manner that at least adheres to construction regulations, approved design and ensure that these parking spaces are used for the intended purposes. Parking spaces can be located in basements or other area inside or outside of apartment buildings according to approved planning or design; approved design shall defined parking spaces for motor vehicles and motorbikes, motorized tricycles, bicycles, and mobility aids for people with disability.

Charging areas for electric vehicles shall be located in a manner that complies with construction standards and regulations.

2. Determination of ownership and use right of parking spaces:

a) Parking spaces for bicycles, motorbikes, motorized tricycles, mobility aids for people with disability for apartment building owners and users shall be considered under joint ownership and common use right of apartment building owners;

b) Parking spaces of motor vehicles intended for apartment building owners shall be available of purchase or rent by buyers, buyers/tenants of flats or other area in apartment buildings; if buyers, buyers/tenants do not buy and/or rent these parking spaces, these parking spaces shall be managed by developers of housing investment and construction projects and investment construction costs of these parking spaces shall not be included in sale, lease-purchase price of flats; developers of housing investment and construction costs are responsible for publicizing investment and construction costs for motor vehicle parking spaces. Positioning of motor vehicle parking spaces in apartment buildings shall prioritize apartment building owners over public parking spaces.

The purchase or rent of motor vehicle parking spaces under this Point shall be defined in flat purchase, lease purchase agreements or in separate contracts.

c) Developers of housing investment and construction project shall hand over parking space plan drawings to apartment building owners on the basis of approved projects and design which clearly define parking spaces for apartment building owners and users, including parking spaces under joint ownership, motor vehicle parking spaces, and public parking spaces.

3. Vehicle tending service fees shall conform to price laws.

4. Management of parking space operation shall conform to Regulation on management and use of apartment buildings.

Section 2. APARTMENT BUILDING MEETING AND ADMINISTRATION BOARD

Article 145. Apartment building meeting

1. Apartment building meetings mean meetings of apartment building owners or users if the owners choose not to attend; in respect of apartment buildings with single owners, the meeting attendees shall consist of apartment building owners and users.

2. Apartment building meetings shall be held to decide issues under Clause 3 or Clause 4 of this Article if all conditions under Regulation on management and use of apartment buildings. Apartment building meetings shall be held in form of face-to-face meetings or online meetings or a combination of both due to epidemic and/or natural disasters.

3. In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners, apartment building meetings shall be held to decide issues below:

a) Nomination, election, early dismissal, dismissal of members of apartment building administration boards; approval, revision, amendments to regulations on management and use of apartment buildings.

b) Approval, revision, amendments to regulations on operation, revenue and expenditure of apartment building administration boards; wages of members of apartment building administration boards, and other costs serving operation of apartment building administration boards;

c) Approval of apartment building operation management service fees and the use of maintenance costs; in respect of apartment buildings under Clause 4 Article 155 hereof where parties do not negotiate distribution of maintenance costs under contracts for apartment building flat purchase and lease purchase, apartment building meetings shall review and decide on the distribution of these costs;

d) Decision on selection of entities managing apartment building operation if developers of housing investment and construction projects no longer exist or are not capable of managing apartment building operation or do not engage in management of apartment building operation or fail to meet requirements agreed upon under service contracts signed with apartment building administration boards;

dd) Approval of maintenance plan for common area in apartment buildings;

e)Approval of report on operational management and maintenance of common area in apartment buildings;

g) Other details relevant to apartment building management and use.

4. In respect of apartment buildings with single owners, apartment building meetings shall be held to decide on issues under Points a, b, and e Clause 3 of this Article. In case of public apartment buildings, apartment building meetings shall be held to decide on issues under Point b and Point e Clause 3 of this Article.

5. Decision of apartment building meetings regarding issues under Clause 3 of this Article shall be approved under the majority rule in form of election or voting, recorded and signed by meeting presiding members and secretaries of apartment building meetings.

Article 146. Administration boards of apartment buildings

1. In respect of apartment buildings with single owners or apartment buildings with multiple owners and less than 20 flats, apartment building owners and users shall discuss whether or not to establish administration boards. Establishment of administration boards:

a) In respect of apartment buildings with single owners, administration board shall consist of owner representatives and apartment building users;

b) In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners, composition of administration board shall conform to Clause 2 of this Article.

2. In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners and at least 20 flats, administration boards shall be required. Administration board shall consist of representatives of owners, apartment building users in absence of owners, developers of housing investment and construction projects who no longer own area in apartment buildings unless developers of housing investment and construction projects do not assign their representatives to participate in apartment building administration boards.

3. Administration boards of apartment buildings with single owners shall operate on an autonomous basis. In case of public housing, representatives of owners of public housing or housing authorities shall establish administration boards or assign managing entities.

In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners, administration boards shall possess seals and accounts and exercise rights, responsibilities under Article 147 and Article 148 hereof. The summon of administration boards, meeting conditions, voting methods, and other relevant details shall conform to operating regulations of administration boards approved by apartment building meetings.

4. Encourage individuals with experience and knowledge in construction, architecture, finance, law, fire safety to participate in administration boards.

5. The voting, early dismissal, and dismissal of members of administration boards; determination of number of members of administration boards; separation and merger of administration boards and documents, procedures for recognizing administration boards, enforced transfer of apartment building dossiers shall conform to Regulations on management and use of apartment buildings.

Article 147. Rights of administration boards

1. In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners, administration boards have the right to:

a) request developers of housing investment and construction projects to hand over maintenance costs after administration boards have been established and issued request for handover; request competent authority to enforced handover of maintenance costs;

b) manage and use maintenance costs in accordance with this Law and decision of apartment building meetings;

c) request apartment building meetings to approve service fees of apartment building operational management;

d) receive bonus and other expenditure according to decision of apartment building meetings;

dd) request competent authority to acknowledge administration boards;

e) request developers of housing investment and construction projects to hand over apartment building dossiers; request competent authority to enforce handover of apartment building dossiers;

g) perform other tasks assigned by the apartment building meetings that do not contradict the law.

2. In respect of public apartment buildings, administration boards shall exercise rights under Points d and g Clause 1 of this Article. In respect of apartment buildings with one other owner, administration boards shall exercise rights under Points d, dd, and g Clause 1 of this Article.

Article 148. Responsibility of administration boards

1. In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners, administration boards have responsibility to:

a) register seals and accounts of administration boards, accounts for management and use of maintenance costs; receive and manage apartment building dossiers from developers of housing investment and construction projects and provide for entities managing apartment building operation in accordance with Regulation on management and use of apartment buildings;

b) manage and use maintenance costs in accordance with regulation on revenue and expenditure decided by apartment building meetings; report revenue and expenditure of these funding in the apartment building meetings;

c) sign service contracts for apartment building operational management with developers of housing investment and construction projects or entities capable of managing apartment building operation selected by apartment building meetings under Point d Clause 3 Article 145 hereof.

If entities managing apartment building operation under Clause 1 Article 149 hereof are not required where apartment building meetings already assign administration boards to manage operation, administration boards shall collect and spend operational management costs in accordance with decisions in apartment building meetings;

d) select, sign contracts for maintenance of common area of apartment buildings and supervise maintenance work according to Regulations on management and use of apartment buildings. Maintenance of common area shall be performed by entities managing apartment building operation or other competent entities in accordance with construction laws;

dd) expedite and request apartment building owners and users to adhere to apartment building management and use rules, Regulations on management and use of apartment buildings; collect and consolidate feedback, propositions of apartment building owners, users regarding management, use, and apartment building services in order to cooperate with authorities, relevant organizations, individuals in reviewing and resolving;

e) cooperate with local authorities and neighborhoods in developing cultured lifestyle, maintain social order and safety in apartment buildings;

g) adhere to regulations on operation, revenue, expenditure of administration boards of apartment buildings approved by apartment building meetings; not dismiss or include additional members of apartment buildings;

h) assume legal responsibility to apartment building owners and users upon failing to exercise rights and responsibilities under this Clause;

i) adhere to resolving decisions of competent authorities;

k) perform other tasks assigned by the apartment building meetings that do not contradict the law.

l) exercise other responsibilities as per the law.

2. In respect of apartment buildings with single owners, administration boards shall exercise responsibilities under Points dd, e, g, h, i, k, and l Clause 1 of this Article.

3. Decisions of administration boards that exceed rights and responsibilities under this Law or operation regulations of administration boards shall be illegitimate; if such decisions exceed the powers for the purpose of establishing and conducting civil transactions, actions shall be taken in accordance with the Civil Code; in case of violation, depending on the nature and severity of violation, members of administration boards shall be met with administrative penalties or criminal prosecution; if damage is done, compensation as per the law shall be required.

4. If decisions of members of administration boards are made as a result of power abuse or exceeding rights and responsibilities under this Law and operation regulation of administration boards, such decisions shall be illegitimate; violations shall, depending on nature and severity, shall be met with administrative penalties or criminal prosecution; if damage is done, compensation as per the law shall be required.

5. If administration boards are terminated and new administration boards are not acknowledged, commune People’s Committees where apartment buildings are located shall exercise responsibilities of administration boards until new administration boards are acknowledge.

Section 3. ORGANIZING MANAGEMENT OF APARTMENT BUILDING OPERATION

Article 149. Entities managing apartment building operation

1. In respect of apartment buildings with elevators, entities capable of managing apartment building operation shall be in charge. In respect of apartment buildings without elevators, apartment building meetings shall manage apartment building operation or hire competent entities to manage apartment building operation.

If developers of housing investment and construction projects directly manage apartment building operation, they must be capable of managing apartment building operation in according with Article 150 hereof.

2. In case of apartment buildings requiring managing entities in accordance with Clause 1 of this Article, apartment owners and users are not allowed to separately hire different service providers for managing apartment building operation. Entities managing apartment building operation may sign contracts with service providers for tasks relating to apartment building operation management but are responsible for operation management under contracts signed with administration boards.

3. Entities managing apartment building operation are allowed to manage operation of multiple apartment buildings in one or multiple locales.

Article 150. Eligibility of entities managing apartment building operation

1. Entities managing apartment building operation shall meet requirements below:

a) They are public service providers or enterprises, cooperatives, joint cooperatives capable of managing apartment building operation;

b) They have technical, customer service, security, fire safety, hygiene, environment departments and other relevant departments for the performance of management services of apartment building operation;

c) Managing individuals and employees engaging in operation management of entities managing apartment building operation must possess appropriate professional qualification in fields of construction, electrical engineering, water engineering, fire safety and firefighting, and operation of equipment associated with apartment buildings and certificate of completion of training, refresher training for professional knowledge and skills in managing apartment building operation.

2. Entities managing apartment building operation shall only provide management services after obtaining notice of eligibility for managing apartment building operation of competent authority.

3. The Government shall elaborate this Article.

Article 151. Management service fees for apartment building operation

1. Determination of management service fees for apartment building operation shall be open, transparent, and corresponding to tasks requiring management and services necessary for each type of apartment buildings.

2. Management service fees for apartment building operation shall not include premiums of fire insurance, maintenance costs, vehicle tending costs, fuel costs, energy costs, domestic water, television services, communication, wages for administration boards, other service fees for services used by apartment buildings owners and users.

Management service fees for apartment building operation shall be determined in Vietnamese currency and calculated for every square meter of usable area of flats or other area in apartment buildings.

3. In respect of apartment buildings with multiple owners, management service fees shall be regulated as follows:

a) If initial apartment building meetings have not been held, management service fees shall conform to contracts for housing purchase, lease purchase;

b) If initial apartment building meetings have been held, management service fees shall be agreed upon by managing entities and apartment building meetings.

4. In respect of apartment buildings with single owners, management service fees shall conform to agreement between apartment building owners and users under lease agreements; in respect of apartment buildings under public ownership, management service fees shall conform to Clause 7 of this Article.

5. In respect of mixed-use apartment buildings, management service fees applicable to business and service areas and private areas used as motor vehicle parking spaces shall be determined as follows:

a) Management service fees applicable to business and service areas shall be negotiated by the parties depending on activities in business area and position of apartment buildings;

b) Management service fees applicable to private area used as motor vehicle parking spaces shall be agreed upon by the parties and may be lower than management service fees of flats in the same apartment buildings.

6. In respect of apartment buildings serving accommodation, management service fees applicable to private area serving as motor vehicle parking spaces shall conform to Point b Clause 5 of this Article.

7. Provincial People’s Committees are responsible for promulgating price range of management service fees for cases below:

a) Collect management service fees for apartment buildings under public ownership in provinces and cities;

b) Act as the basis for parties to consult in negotiation of management service fees in respect of housing that are not public housing or in case of disputes regarding management service fees between entities managing apartment building operation and apartment building owners, users; in case of failure to agree on management service fees, value under price range stipulated by provincial People’s Committees shall be applied.

Section 4. MANAGEMENT AND USE OF MAINTENANCE COSTS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS WITH MULTIPLE OWNERS

Article 152. Maintenance costs of apartment buildings with multiple owners

1. In respect of flats and other area in apartment buildings that developers of housing investment and construction projects sell and lease-purchase, buyers and buyers/tenants shall incur maintenance costs equivalent to 2% of value of flats, area for sale and lease purchase; the maintenance costs shall be separate from sale, lease purchase value of flats, other area in apartment buildings and clearly defined under purchase, lease purchase agreements.

2. In respect of flats and other area in apartment buildings which developers of housing investment and construction projects withhold from selling, lease-purchasing or have not sold, lease-purchased at the time in which apartment buildings are brought into use less the common area, developers of housing investment and construction projects shall incur maintenance costs equivalent to 2% of value of flats and the withheld area; the value shall be determined by the highest flat selling price in the apartment buildings at the time in which the apartment buildings are brought into use.

3. If developers of housing investment and construction projects sign contracts for purchase, lease-purchase of flats or other area in apartment buildings before July 1, 2006 and have not charged maintenance costs, apartment building owners shall hold meetings to agree on payment rate for the maintenance costs; payments may be made on a monthly basis to accounts in credit institutions or FBBs operating in Vietnam opened by administration boards or on an case-by-case basis whenever maintenance is required.

4. If developers of housing investment and construction projects sign contracts for purchase, lease-purchase of flats or other area in apartment buildings from July 1, 2006 to before the effective date hereof and the contracts for purchase, lease-purchase of flats or other area in apartment buildings do not include negotiation regarding maintenance costs, developers of housing investment and construction projects shall incur the maintenance costs; if purchase and lease purchase price under contracts for purchase, lease purchase of flats and other area in apartment buildings does not include maintenance costs, apartment building owners shall incur maintenance costs under Clause 3 of this Article.

Article 153. Management and handover of maintenance costs of apartment buildings with multiple owners

1. Developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for opening accounts for managing maintenance costs as follows:

a) Prior to signing contracts for purchase, lease purchase of flats and other area in apartment buildings, developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for opening checking accounts in credit institutions or FBBs operating in locales where apartment buildings are located to enable buyers and buyers/tenants and developers of housing investment and construction projects to submit maintenance costs in accordance with Article 152 hereof. Within 5 working days from the date on which accounts are opened, developers of housing investment and construction projects shall notify provincial housing authorities where the projects take place of name of account holders, number of accounts, named of credit institutions, FBBs where accounts are opened, and deposit term. Developers of housing investment and construction projects are not allowed to request credit institutions and FBBs to use fundings submitted by the parties to accounts opened in accordance with this Point of any other purposes if maintenance costs have not been transferred to administration boards.

If maintenance of work items, equipment in common area of apartment buildings whose warranty has expired is required during the period in which maintenance costs have not been transferred to administration boards, developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for using their expenditure to maintain the work items and equipment while adhering to construction plan, maintenance plans and procedures produced in accordance with construction laws. Upon transferring maintenance costs to administration boards, developers of housing investment and construction projects are eligible for refund of expenditure used for the maintenance work as long as they produce specific reports and maintenance plans, procedures, invoices, instruments proving the maintenance;

b) Upon signing contracts for purchase, lease purchase of flats and other area in apartment buildings, the parties shall state information on accounts opened in accordance with Point a of this Clause in the contracts. Buyers and buyers/tenants shall, prior to receiving flats and other area in apartment buildings, pay maintenance costs in accordance with Article 152 hereof to accounts stated in the contracts, copy and send verification of maintenance cost payment to developers of housing investment and construction projects; failure to pay maintenance costs shall result in the purchased, lease-purchased flats and other area not being transferred; if developers of housing investment and construction projects transfer anyway, the developers shall pay maintenance costs for these flats and area.

2. The transfer of maintenance costs shall be regulated as follows:

a) As soon as decisions acknowledging apartment building administration boards are issued by competent authority, administration boards are responsible for opening accounts at credit institutions, FBBs operating in Vietnam to manage management costs and requesting developers of housing investment and construction projects to transfer collected maintenance costs in accordance with Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Within 30 days from the date on which written request is issued by administration boards, developers of housing investment and construction projects and administration boards shall settle maintenance costs to facilitate transfer of maintenance costs in accordance with Regulations on management and use of apartment buildings;

c) Depending on maintenance costs settlement data under Point b of this Clause, developers of housing investment and construction projects shall request credit institutions and FBBs managing maintenance expenditure accounts to transfer the maintenance costs and interests thereof to accounts for funding management opened by administration boards;

d) Credit institutions and FBBs are responsible for transferring maintenance expenditure in accordance with Point c of this Clause to administration boards in accordance with data settled by the parties. Costs that arise from the transfer maintenance expenditure transfer shall be deducted from maintenance expenditure.

3. After transferring maintenance expenditure to administration boards, developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for closing accounts as per the law and notifying provincial housing authorities of provinces where apartment buildings in question are located in writing.

4. If apartment buildings generate revenues in form of services provided in common area, the revenues shall be deposited to accounts for maintenance expenditure opened by administration boards or individuals assigned to manage maintenance expenditure if establishment of administration boards is not required.

Revenues under this Clause and interests of maintenance expenditure shall be used for maintenance of apartment buildings.

Article 154. Enforced transfer of maintenance expenditure of apartment buildings with multiple owners

1. If developers of housing investment and construction projects fail to transfer maintenance expenditure in accordance with Clause 2 Article 153 hereof, administration boards shall request district People’s Committees where apartment buildings in question are located to request developers of local housing investment and construction projects to transfer maintenance expenditure.

2. Within 15 days from the date on which written request sent by administration boards, district People’s Committees shall request developers of housing investment and construction projects in writing to transfer maintenance expenditure to administration boards.

3. Within 10 days from the date on which written request sent by district People’s Committees is received and developers of housing investment and construction projects fail to transfer maintenance expenditure, district People’s Committees are responsible for promulgating decisions on enforcement and collecting maintenance expenditure in order to transfer to administration boards.

If developers of housing investment and construction projects show signs of criminal activities during enforced transfer of maintenance expenditure, district People’s Committees shall send written request, relevant documents and proof to competent investigating authority.

4. The Government shall elaborate this Article.

Article 155. Use of maintenance expenditure of apartment buildings with multiple owners

1. Maintenance expenditure shall only be used for maintenance, placement of work items and equipment under joint ownership of apartment buildings according to maintenance plans approved by apartment building meetings. Administration boards are not allowed to use the maintenance expenditure for managing apartment building operation among other purposes. If apartment buildings subject to mandatory demolition under this Law and maintenance expenditure has not been depleted, the remaining expenditure shall be used for relocation support or added to maintenance fund for common area of reconstructed apartment buildings.

2. The use of maintenance expenditure shall be accompanied by invoices, instruments, and reported to apartment building meetings.

3. If maintenance expenditure has been depleted, apartment building owners are responsible for incurring maintenance expenditure upon performing maintenance according to plans approved by apartment building meetings or irregular maintenance.

4. If separate areas of different occupancies in mixed-use apartment buildings such as flats, business and service contain common areas that are physically separate from common areas of apartment buildings and managed and operated independently, developers of apartment building investment and construction projects and buyers, buyers/tenants of flats or other areas in apartment buildings shall negotiate distribution of maintenance expenditure into multiple parts for management and use.

Negotiation on distribution of maintenance expenditure under this Clause shall be determined by percentage of floor area of each occupancy in the apartment buildings over total floor area of the apartment buildings.

5. Management of maintenance expenditure under Clause 4 of this Article shall be implemented as follows:

a) In respect of maintenance expenditure of apartment buildings and common areas of flats, the expenditure shall be transferred to accounts opened by administration boards in accordance with Point a Clause 2 Article 153 hereof;

b) In respect of maintenance expenditure of service and business occupancies, owners of these occupancies shall manage and use the expenditure to maintain the common areas of these occupancies.

6. In respect of apartment buildings where administration boards are not required according to this Law, apartment building owners and users shall assign representatives to manage and decide on the use of maintenance expenditure.

Section 5. MANAGEMENT AND USE OF TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN APARTMENT BUILDING VICINITY

Article 156. Technical infrastructures of apartment building vicinity to be transferred and date of transfer

1. Technical infrastructures of apartment building vicinity built and invested in projects and to be transferred to the government or local authority or under management of developers of housing investment and construction projects following project completion shall be identified in investment guidelines or approved projects.

2. In respect of structures to be transferred, after commissioning has been performed in accordance with construction laws, developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for transferring these structures. Depending on approved schedule or phases of projects, developers of housing investment and construction projects may transfer, in part or in whole, stand-alone structures to the government or local authority.

Article 157. Transfer, receipt, and management of technical infrastructures of apartment building vicinity

1. Developers of housing investment and construction projects shall send written request for transfer and technical infrastructure dossiers of apartment building vicinity to competent authority.

2. Agencies receiving transferred technical infrastructures of apartment building vicinity are responsible for receiving technical infrastructures for management, operation, use; the transfer and receipt shall be recorded in writing.

3. During periods in which technical infrastructures of apartment building vicinity have not been transferred, developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for maintaining, managing operation, and operating in accordance with approved projects.

Article 158. Management, operation, and use of technical infrastructures in apartment building vicinity following the transfer

1. In respect of technical infrastructures in apartment building vicinity to be transferred, receiving agencies shall manage, operate, and use in accordance with objectives and occupancies of the structures, maintain accordance with construction laws, and ensure normal operation of the technical infrastructures.

The Government is responsible for allocating state budget for managing operation, maintenance, and use of technical infrastructures in apartment building vicinity that the government or local authority has received.

2. In respect of technical infrastructures in apartment building vicinity that are not required to be transferred, developers of housing investment and construction projects are responsible for managing, operating, and maintaining in accordance with objectives, occupancies of the structures, in accordance with the laws and agreement with apartment building owners, users and ensuring normal operation of these structures.

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