Phần thứ tư Bộ luật Tố tụng hình sự 2015: Xét xử vụ án hình sự

PART FOUR

CRIMINAL ADJUDICATION

Chapter XX

GENERAL

Article 250. Direct, verbal and uninterrupted adjudication

1. The trial shall be conducted through verbal communication.

The Trial panel shall directly determine facts of  the case by asking and listening to the defendants, crime victims or their representatives, witness testifiers, expert witnesses and other attendees summoned by the Court. The lay assessors shall consider and examine documents and evidences collected; announce written records and documents and engage in other legal proceedings to inspect evidences. The lay assessors shall listen to procurators, defense counsels, and protectors of legitimate benefits and rights of the crime victims and litigants.

2. The trial shall not be interrupted, save break time and halt.

Article 251. Temporary halt to trial

1. The trial may be halted in one of the following events:

a) Evidences, document and items must be verified, gathered or supplemented; however, such tasks are not viable in court and shall be fulfilled in 05 days' time upon the temporary halt to the trial;

b) Authorized procedural persons and participants in legal proceedings, due to health conditions, force majeure or objective obstacles, cannot continue their attendance in court; however, they can reappear in court in 05 days' time upon the temporary halt to the trial;

c) The court clerk is absent from the Courtroom.

2. The temporary halt to the trial shall be inputted into the written record of the Court and announced to participants in legal proceedings. The duration of a temporary halt to a trial shall not exceed 05 days upon the issuance of the decision to halt the trial. Upon the expiration of the halt, the trial resumes. If the trial cannot resume, it shall be adjourned.

Article 252. The Court’s verification, collection and addition of evidences

A Court verifies, collects and adds evidences through the following activities:

1. Obtain evidences, documents and items in connection with the case from authorities and entities;

2. Request authorities and entities to provide documents and items related to the case;

3. Assess on site evidences not movable to the Courtroom;

4. Assess crime scenes or other sites in connection with the case;

5. Requisition expert examination or property valuation, except for situations that require mandatory expert examination or property valuation as per Article 206 and Article 215 of this Law; requisition additional or repeated expert examinations and repeated valuation of property;

6. If The procuracy fails to provide additional proofs according to the Court's request, the Court shall verify and collect documents and evidences to settle the case.

Article 253. Procurement of evidences, documents and items related to the case

1. The presiding judge of the Court shall procure evidences, documents and items of the case from authorities and entities and pose questions to the providers of such articles about matters in connection with such evidences, documents and items. The procurement shall be executed in writing.

2. The Court, upon receiving evidences, documents and items from authorities and entities, must forward such to the equivalent Procuracy. The procuracy, in 03 days upon receiving evidences, documents and items, shall assess and return such articles to the Court to be put in the case file.

Article 254. Composition of a trial panel

1. A trial panel of a first-instance Court is composed of one judge and two lay assessors.  A trial panel of a first instance Court adjudicating a serious and complex case shall comprise two judges and three lay assessors.

Two judges and three lay assessors shall constitute a trial panel of a first-instance Court adjudicating defendants whose crimes are punishable by life imprisonment or death as per the Criminal Code.

2. A trial panel of an appellate Court shall comprise three judges.

Article 255. Decision to hear a case

1. A decision to bring a case to trial shall detail:

a) Issue date of the decision; name of the Court’s issuing the decision; date, time and location of the trial;

b) Public or secret trial;

c) Full name, date of birth, place of birth, occupation and residential address of the defendants;

d) Offence titles, points, sections and articles of the Criminal Code, which are quoted by The procuracy to prosecute defendants;

dd) Full name of judge(s), lay assessors, Court clerk; full name of reserve judge(s), lay assessor(s) and Court clerk(s), if any;

e) Full name of procurators exercising prosecution rights and administering the trial; full name of reserve procurators (if any);

g) Full name of defense counsels (if any);

h) Full name of interpreters (if any);

i) Full name of other individuals summoned to the Court;

k) Evidences taken to and assessed in court.

2. A decision to hear a case in an appellate Court shall state details as defined in Point a, b, e, g, h, i and k, Section 1 of this Article; offence titles and punishments ruled by the first-instance Court; full name of the appellant and appellee; The procuracy filing appeals; full name of judge(s) and Court clerk; full name of reserve judge(s) and Court clerk(s), if any.

Article 256. Internal rules of a Court

1. Every person in court must be dressed properly, conform to the security check and follow the guidelines given by The court clerk.

2. Every person in court must respect the Trial panel, maintain order and follow the instructions by The presiding judge.

3. Every person in court must stand up when the Trial panel enters the Courtroom and pronounces judgments. The defendants must stand up when the procurator announce the charges or the decision to prosecute. The persons summoned by the Court must obtain The presiding judge’s permission before stating their opinions. The persons giving opinions must stand up when stating their viewpoints and responding to questions.

The presiding judge may permit individuals to remain seated due to health conditions.

4. In court, the defendants in detention shall only interact with their defense counsels. They must obtain The presiding judge's permission before interacting with other people.

5. People less than 16 years of age shall not enter the Courtroom, unless summoned by the Court.

Article 257. Courtroom

1. The Courtroom must be arranged to uphold solemnity, safety and equality between individuals exercising prosecution rights and lawyers or defense counsels.

2. The court president of the Supreme People’s Court shall regulate the details of this Article.

Article 258. Records of Court

1. A written record of a Court shall detail time, date and location of the trial and every event in court from start to finish. Apart from the written record, the Court's progress may be recorded by sound or sound-and-visual means.

2. Questions, answers, presentations and rulings in court shall be inputted into the written record.

3. The presiding judge, at the end of the trial, must examine the Court record. The signatures of his and The court clerk’s shall be affixed on to the record.

4. After The presiding judge and Court clerk sign the Court record, the procurator, defendants, defense counsels, crime victims, litigants and protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants and their representatives shall be permitted to read the Court record. If amendments to the Court record are requested, The court clerk shall input such amendments into the Court record. A Court record shall not be erased or modified directly. Amendments shall be inputted at the bottom of the record and endorsed by the signatures of The presiding judge and Court clerk. If The presiding judge disapproves such request, he must state reasons in The court clerk.

Article 259. Records of deliberation

1. Deliberation must be executed in writing.

All members of the Trial panel must sign the record of deliberation in the retiring room before pronouncing judgments.

2. The record of deliberation by a trial panel of a first-instance Court shall detail:

a) Time and date of the record; name of the Court holding the trial;

b) Full name of judge(s) and lay assessors;

c) The case being adjudicated;

d) Result of the Trial panel’s voting on issues argued according to Section 3, Article 326 of this Law, and other opinions (if any).

3. The record of deliberation by a trial panel of an appellate Court must specify details as per point a, c and d, Section 2 of this Article and full name of judges.

Article 260. Judgments

1. A Court passes judgments in the name of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Judgment provided in written form must bear signatures of all members of the Trial panel.

2. The judgments of a first instance Court must specify:

a) Name of the first-instance Court; case number and initial date of admission; number and date of the judgment, full name of members in the Trial panel, Court clerk and procurators; full name, date of birth, place of birth, residential address, occupation, educational level, ethnicity, criminal records and previous convictions of the defendants; date of temporary detainment or detention of the defendants; full name, age, occupation, place of birth, residential address of representatives of the defendants; full name of defense counsels, witness testifiers, expert witnesses, valuators, interpreters, translators and other individuals summoned by the Court to attend the trial; full name, age, occupation and residential address of the crime victims, litigants and their representatives; number and date of the decision to hear the case; public or secret trial; time and location of the trial;

b) Number and date of charging documents and decisions to prosecute; name of The procuracy prosecuting; defendants’ acts as per the crimes prosecuted by The procuracy; crimes and points, sections, articles quoted from the Criminal Code and punishments, additional penalties, judicial remedies, compensations for damage, which are recommended by The procuracy against the defendants; handling of evidences;

c) Opinions given by defense counsels, crime victims, litigants and other individuals summoned by the Court to attend the trial;

d) The Trial panel’s judgments must analyze evidences establishing guilt or innocence, determine the defendants’ state of being guilty of what crimes or guiltless, points, sections and articles quoted from the Criminal Code and other legislative documents, factors aggravating and mitigating criminal liabilities and solutions. If the defendants are found guiltless, the judgment must detail justifications of their innocence and the restoration of their honor, legitimate rights and benefits as per the laws;

dd) The analysis of reasons that the Trial panel rely on to reject justifications of accusation or acquittal and requests from procurators, defendants, defense counsels, crime victims, litigants and their representatives and protectors of their legitimate rights and benefits;

e) The analysis of the legality of legal proceedings and relevant decisions of investigators, procurators and defense counsels during the investigation, prosecution and adjudication;

g) The Trial panel’s rulings over each issue of the case, Court fee and right to appeal against the judgments. Rulings, if immediately executed, must be specified.

3. The judgment of an appellate Court must specify:

a) Name of the appellate Court; case number and initial date of admission; number and date of the judgment, full name of members in the Trial panel, Court clerk and procurators; full name, date of birth, place of birth, residential address, occupation, educational level, ethnicity, criminal records and previous convictions of the defendants filing or facing appeals and those who do not but are reviewed by the appellate Court; date of temporary detainment or detention of the defendants; full name, age, occupation, place of birth, residential address of representatives of the defendants; full name of defense counsels, witness testifiers, expert witnesses, valuators, interpreters, translators and other individuals summoned by the Court to attend the trial; full name, age, occupation and residential address of the crime victims, litigants and their representatives; name of The procuracy filing appeals; public or secret trial; time and location of the trial;

b) Summary of the case, rulings from the judgment of the first-instance Court; details of the appeals; judgments by the appellate trial panel, justifications for approval or disapproval of appeals; points, sections and articles quoted from the Criminal Code and other legislative documents, which the appellate judicial Court base on to settle the case;

c) The appellate trial panel’s rulings over each issue of the case, which arise due to the appeals, fees of first-instance and appellate Courts.

Article 261. Amendments to a judgment

1. A judgment shall not be amended unless it contains apparent errors in spelling or figures due to confusion or miscalculation.

Amendments to a judgment shall not alter the nature of the case or lead to the disadvantage of defendants or other participants in legal proceedings.

Amendments to a judgment shall be executed in writing and promptly given to the individuals as defined in Article 262 of this Law.

2. Amendments to a judgment as per Section 1 of this Article shall be subject to the decisions by The presiding judge of the Court passing such judgment. If The presiding judge is unable to adopt the said amendments, The court president of the Court adjudicating the case shall ratify them.

Article 262. Delivery of judgments

1. A first-instance Court, in 10 days upon pronouncing a judgment, must deliver such judgment to the defendants, crime victims, the equivalent Procuracy, defense counsels and defendants convicted in absentia according to Point c, Section 2, Article 290 of this Law, the immediate superior Procuracy, equivalent investigation authority, competent authority enforcing criminal sentences, detention or penal facility holding defendants in captivity. Moreover, written notices shall be sent to local authorities at the commune, ward or town where defendants reside or to defendants’ workplaces or educational facilities. Furthermore, litigants or their representatives shall receive copies or relevant extracts of the judgments.

The judgments, if passed in a trial in absentia according to Point a or Point b, Section 2, Article 290 of this Law, shall be posted at the People’s committee of the commune, ward or town where defendants last resided or at their last workplaces or educational facilities within the time limit as stated above.

The first-instance Court shall deliver its judgments to a competent authority enforcing civil sentences if such judgments expresses pecuniary fine, confiscation of property and civil rulings according to the Law on civil sentence enforcement.

2. An appellate Court, in 10 days upon pronouncing a judgment or issuing a ruling, must deliver such appellate judgment or ruling to the equivalent Procuracy, competent authority enforcing criminal sentences, investigation authorities, procuracies, the Court of first instance, detention or penal facility holding defendants in captivity, appellants, individuals having interests and duties related to the appeals or their representatives. Moreover, the competent authority enforcing civil sentences shall receive the appellate judgment expressing pecuniary fines, confiscation of property and civil rulings. Furthermore, written notices shall be sent to local authorities of the commune, ward or town where defendants reside or to their workplaces or educational facilities. If the Higher People’s Court hears the appeals, the time limit stated above may be extended for 25 more days at most.

Article 263. Interpretation in a Courtroom

1. If a defendant, crime victim, litigant or witness testifier does not speak Vietnamese or suffers from mutism or deafness, an interpreter shall explicate presentations, questions and answers in court, the Trial panel’s rulings and relevant matters for them to perceive.

2. The interpreter must translate presentations, questions and answers made by individuals as defined in Section 1 of this Article into Vietnamese for the Trial panel and other attendees in court to grasp.

Article 264. Requisition for rectification of shortcomings and violations in managerial tasks

1. The Court, when passing a judgment, shall ask concerned authorities and organizations to implement essential measures to rectify causes and circumstances leading to criminal acts at such authorities or organizations. Authorities and organizations, in 30 days upon receiving the Court’s requisition, must inform the Court in writing of measures taken.

2. The Court’s requisition, along with the judgments, may be read out in court or sent privately to concerned authorities or organizations.

Article 265. Requisition for competent authorities’ revision of legislative documents

The Court, when adjudicating a criminal case, shall detect and propose competent authorities’ revision or abrogation of legislative documents in violation of the Constitution, laws, resolutions passed by the National Assembly, ordinances and decrees passed by Standing Committee of the National Assembly to guarantee legitimate rights and benefits of authorities and entities.

The contemplation of matters and respond to the Court about the handling of legislative documents proposed shall be governed by the laws.

Article 266. Duties and authorities of The procuracy exercising prosecution rights during the stage of adjudication

1. The procuracy, when exercising prosecution rights during the stage of a trial of first instance, shall bear the following duties and authority:

a) Announce the accusations and decisions to prosecute through summary procedures and other decisions on charges against defendants in court;

b) Pose questions, assess evidences, and examine scenes;

c) Engage in the arraignment, oral arguments, revoke parts or all of the decisions to prosecute, conclude other equivalent or lesser crimes, and state the Procuracy's standpoints on the settlement of the case in court;

d) Appeal against the judgments or rulings of the Court, which are unjust or incorrect or which omit crimes and offenders.

dd) Perform other duties and authority to exercise prosecution rights at a first-instance trial as per this Law.

2. The procuracy, when exercising its prosecution rights to hear appeals, shall bear these duties and authority:

a) State opinions on the appeals;

b) Add new evidences;

c) Amend the appeals o revoke parts or all of the appeals;

d) Pose questions, assess evidences, and examine scenes;

dd) State the Procuracy's opinions on the settlement of case in court and meeting session;

e) Engage in oral arguments with the defendants, defense counsels and other participants in legal proceedings in court;

g) Perform other duties and authority when exercising prosecution rights at an appellate trial as per this Law.

Article 267. Duties and authority of the Procuracy administering the trial

1. Administer legal compliance of the Court’s hearing of criminal cases.

2. Administer legal compliance of participants in legal proceedings, request competent authorities to handle participaints in legal proceedings, who breach the laws.

3. Administer judgments, rulings and other procedural documents of the Court

4. Request the equilvaint Court or lower authorities to transfer the cases to consider and decide the appeals.

5. Appeal against the Court’s judgments and decision in serious of violations of legal proceedings.

6. Request the Court, authorities and entities to conduct procedural activities as defined in this Law; request the Court to rectify procedural violations.

7. Request concerned authorities and organizations to implement preventive measures against crimes and breach of law in managerial tasks.

8. Exercise the right to make other requests and perform other duties and powers when administering the criminal trial as per this Laws.

Chapter XXI

TRIAL OF FIRST INSTANCE

Volume I. JURISDICTION OF COURTS

Article 268. Jurisdiction of a Court

1. A district People’s Court or local military Court hears criminal cases of misdemeanors, felonies and horrific felonies at first instance, except for the following crimes:

a) Breach of national security;

b) Sabotage of peace, crimes against humanity and war crimes;

c) Crimes as defined in Article 123, 125, 126, 227, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 337, 368, 369, 370, 371, 399 and 400 of the Criminal Code;

d) Crimes committed outside the territories of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

2. A provincial People’s Court or military Court of a military zone hears following cases at first instance:

a) Criminal cases beyond the jurisdiction of a district People’s Court or local military Court;

b) Criminal cases related to defendants, crime victims or litigants who live abroad or in connection with property involved in other lawsuits occurring on foreign territories;

c) A criminal lawsuit, though within the jurisdiction of a district People’s Court or local military Court, comprise complex facts making it hard to assess or reach unanimity upon the properties of the case or is involved in various sectors and levels of authority or is brought against a defendant who is a judge, procurator, investigator, primary governmental leaders in district, township, provincial city or city of a centrally-affiliated city, religious dignitary or individual having high prestige in a community of minority.

Article 269. Territorial jurisdiction

1. A Court, whose location is most adjacent to the scene of a crime, shall have jurisdiction over the criminal lawsuit against that crime If crimes occur in various places or at an unknown site, the Court most adjacent to the site where investigative activities are finished shall retain jurisdiction.

2. The provincial People’s Court at the last residential place of a defendant committing a crime abroad shall have jurisdiction if such person is tried in Vietnam. If a defendant’s last residential place in Vietnam is unknown, The court president of the Supreme People’s Court shall, as the case may be, decide to assign the People’s Court of the city of Hanoi or the city of Ho Chi Minh or the city of Da Nang to hear the case.

A defendant committing a crime abroad, if falling within the jurisdiction of a military Court, shall be tried by the military Court of a military zone as per the decision by The court president of the Central military court.

Article 270. Jurisdiction over crimes occurring aboard an aircraft or ocean ship of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which is operating outside the airspace or territorial waters of Vietnam

A Vietnamese Court most adjacent to the airport or harbor, where an aircraft or ocean ship of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is registered or first arrives, shall have jurisdiction over crimes occurring on such aircraft or ocean ship operating outside the airspace or territorial waters of Vietnam.

Article 271. Trial against a defendant committing multiple crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of a Court at different level

A superior Court shall hear the entire case involved in multiple crimes, some of which come within its jurisdiction.

Article 272. Jurisdiction of a military Court

1. A military Court has jurisdiction over:

a) A criminal case against a defendant who is a serviceman on active duty, state employee, worker, national defense official or reserve soldier undergoing focus training or combat availability tests; militia undergoing focus training or subordinated to the People’s Army in combat, citizens mobilized, convoked or contracted to serve the People’s Army;

b) A criminal case against a defendant who is not stated in Point a, Section 1 of this Article and is involved in military secrets or causes damage to the life, health, honor and dignity of servicemen on active duty, state employees, workers, national defense officials, reserve soldiers undergoing focus training or combat availability tests or causes damage to the property, honor and reputation of the People’s Army or commits crimes in a military barrack or military area under the management and protection of the People’s Army.

2. A military Court has jurisdiction over all crimes occurring in areas under martial law.

Article 273. Trial against a defendant committing multiple crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of a People’s Court and Military Court

If a defendant or crime comes within the jurisdiction of a Military Court and another defendant or crime in the same case falls within the jurisdiction of a People’s Court, the case shall be subject to the following jurisdiction:

1. If issues of the case can be separated, the Military Court shall judge defendants and crimes within its jurisdiction and the People’s Court shall judge defendants and crimes within its jurisdiction;

2. If separation is not viable, the Military Court shall hear the entire case.

Article 274. Case transfer during the stage of adjudication

1. A Court shall return files of a case beyond its jurisdiction to The procuracy initiating prosecution, which shall transfer the case to a competent Procuracy for prosecution.

The procuracy initiating prosecution, in 03 days upon retrieving case files, shall issue a decision to transfer them to a competent Procuracy for intra vires prosecution. The transfer of a case out of a province, centrally-affiliated city or a military zone shall abide by Article 239 of this Law.

The procuracy, if considering thin court returning case files still has juridistion over the case, shall give such documents back to the Court with an enclosed letter of explanation. If the Court still deem the case ultra vires, the dispute over jurisdiction shall be settled according to Article 275 of this Law. The procuracy must conform to the decisions of the competent Court.

2. The time limit for prosecution and the enforcement of preventive measures shall be governed by Article 240 and Article 241 of this Law.

Article 275. Settlement of disputes over jurisdiction

1. The court president of a provincial People’s Court or a Military court of a military zone shall make decisions on disputes over jurisdiction among People’s Courts at district level in the same province or centrally-affiliated city or Military courts in the same military zone.

2. The court president of a provincial People’s Court or a Military court of a military zone most adjacent to the site where investigative activities end shall make decisions on disputes over jurisdiction among district People’s Courts in various provinces or centrally-affiliated cities or Military courts from different military zones.

3. The court president of the Supreme People’s Court or the Central military court shall make decisions to settle disputes over jurisdiction among provincial People’s Courts or Military courts of military zones.

4. The court president of the Supreme People’s Court shall make decisions on disputes over jurisdiction between a People’s Court and Military court.

The transfer of a case for intra vires prosecution shall abide by Article 274 of this Law.

Volume II. TRIAL PREPARTION

Article 276. Obtain case files, charging documents and admit the case

1. When the Procuracy delivers charging documents, case files and evidences (if available), the Court shall examine and handle such papers and objects in the following manner:

a) If case files and accompanying exhibits (if any) suffice according to the list of documents and exhibits, and the suspect or his representative receives charging documents, the case file shall be admitted;

b) If case files and accompanying exhibits (if any) do not suffice according to the list of documents and exhibits, or the suspect or his representative does not receive charging documents, the case file shall not be admitted. In this event, the Procuracy shall be requested to supplement documents and exhibits or send charging documents to the suspect or his representative.

2. The delivery of case files and charging documents shall be executed in writing according to Article 133 of this Law and be inputted into the case file.

The court, upon receiving case files and charging documents, shall admit the case. The court president of the Court, in 03 days upon admitting the case, shall appoint The presiding judge who hears the case.

Article 277. Time limit for trial preparation

1. The presiding judge, in 30 days for misdemeanors, 45 days for felonies, 02 months for horrific felonies and 03 months for extremely severe felonies upon the admission of the case, shall make one of the following decisions:

a) Hear the case;

b) Return documents for further investigation;

c) Suspend or dismiss the case.

The court president of the Court may decide to extend the time limit for preparation for trial against a complex case for 15 more days for misdemeanors and felonies and 30 more days at most for horrific felonies and extremely severe felonies. The equivalent procuracy must be promptly informed of the extension of the time limit for trial preparation.

2. If a case is returned for further investigation, the Presiding judge, in 15 days upon retrieving documents, must decide to hear the case. If a case is resumed, the time limit for trial preparation shall abide by universal stipulations of this Law and commences as of the date of the Court's decision to resume the case.

3. The court, in 15 days upon issuing a decision to hear the case, must hold a trial. If force majeure or objective obstacles occur, the Court may initiate the trial within 30 days.

Article 278. Implementation, alteration and termination of preventive and coercive measures

1. The presiding judge, after admitting a case, shall decide to implement, alter and terminate preventive or coercive measures. However, the Court president or Vice court president shall make such decisions on detention measure.

2. The time limit for detention prior to trial shall not exceed that for trial preparation as stated in Section 1, Article 277 of this Law.

3. If the time limit for detention of a defendant in detention expires upon the initiation of the trial, the Trial panel shall consider the necessity of detention for trial and issue a detention order that loses effect at the end of the trial.

Article 279. Processing of requests before trial

1. The presiding judge, before initiating a trial, must process these requests:

a) Requests by procurators and participants in legal proceedings for the provision and addition of evidences, summoning of witness testifiers, authorized procedural persons and other participants in legal proceedings to the court, and for the replacement of members of the Trial panel or Court clerk;

b) Requests by defendants or their representatives, defense counsels for alteration or termination of preventive and coercive measures;

c) Requests by procurators and participants in legal proceedings for a trial through summary procedures or for a public or secret trial;

d) Requests by participants in legal proceedings for their absence from the courtroom.

2. The presiding judge, if considering such requests justified, shall grant those within his powers or inform competent individuals to handle the requests according to this law. Moreover, the persons issuing such requests shall be informed. Rejection and reasons shall be informed in writing.

Article 280. Return of documents for further investigation

1. The presiding judge shall decide to return documents to the Procuracy for further investigation in one of the following events:

a) Evidences for matters defined in Article 85 of this Law are not sufficient and cannot be supplemented in court;

b) There are grounds showing the existence of the suspect’s other acts, apart from those prosecuted by the Procuracy, deemed as crimes in the Criminal Code;

c) There are grounds showing the existence of other accomplices or offenders of criminal acts, as per the Criminal Code, involved in the case and facing no charges;

d) The charges, investigation and prosecution have constituted serious violations of legal proceedings.

2. If the Procuracy finds grounds to have documents returned for additional investigation, it shall request the Court in writing for document return.

3. A decision to return documents for further investigation must specify issues to be further investigated. Such decision and case files shall be given to the Procuracy in 03 days upon the issuance of the decision.

If additional findings lead to the dismissal of the case, the Procuracy shall decide to have the case dismissed and inform the Court in 03 days upon the issuance of such decision.

If additional findings lead to the alteration of the decision to prosecute, the Procuracy shall issue new charging documents that replace the previous ones.

If the Procuracy fails to provide additional information as per the Court's requests and retain its decision to prosecute, the Court shall commence the trial.

Article 281. Case suspension

1. The presiding judge shall decide to suspend a case in one of the following events:

a) There are justifications for case suspension as defined in Point b and Point c, Section 1, Article 229 of this Law;

b) The location of a suspect or defendant is unknown despite the expiration of the time limit for trial preparation. In this event, investigation authorities shall be requested to seek such defendant or suspect prior to the suspension of the case. The seeking of a suspect or defendant shall abide by Article 231 of this Law;

c) Await the result of the processing of legislative documents as per the Court’s requisitions.

2. If there are several suspects or defendants in one case but the reason for case suspension does not apply to all of them, the lawsuit shall be suspended for each suspect or defendant separately.

3. The decision to suspend the case must specify reasons for suspension and details as stated in Section 2, Article 132 of this Law.

Article 282. Case dismissal

1. The presiding judge shall decide to dismiss a case in one of the following events:

a) There are justifications for case dismissal as defined in Section 2, Article 155 or Point 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, Article 157 of this Law;

b) The procuracy revokes all decisions to prosecute before the trial commences.

If there are several suspects or defendants in one case but the reason for case dismissal does not apply to all of them, the lawsuit shall be dismissed for each suspect or defendant separately.

2. The decision to dismiss the case must specify reasons for dismissal and details as stated in Section 2, Article 132 of this Law.

Article 283. Case resumption

1. If the prescriptive period for criminal prosecution is still effective and there are grounds to annul the decision to suspend or dismiss a case, the Presiding judge issuing such decision shall decide to resume the case.

If the Judge issuing the decision to suspend or dismiss the case is obstructed, the Court president shall issue the decision to resume the case.

2. If the case is suspended or dismissed for each suspect or defendant separately, the decision on case resumption shall apply to each of them.

3. The decision to resume the case must specify reasons for case resumption and details as stated in Section 2, Article 132 of this Law.

4. The court, when resuming the case, shall be entitled to implement, alter or terminate preventive and coercive measures as per this Law.

If there are justifications for the necessity of detention as per this Law, the duration of detention for case resumption shall not exceed the time limit for trial preparation.

Article 284. Request for the Procuracy’s addition of documents and evidences

1. The presiding judge, when requiring additional documents and evidences necessary to settle to the case without the return of case files for further investigation, shall request the Procuracy to supplement such papers and proofs.

2. The request for additional documents and evidences shall be executed in writing and sent to the equivalent Procuracy in 02 days upon the issuance of the written request. Such request must specify documents and evidences to be added.

3. The procuracy, in 05 days upon receiving the Court’s request, shall provide the Court with additional documents and evidences as requested. If the Procuracy fails to provide additional documents or evidences, the court shall commence the trial.

Article 285. The procuracy’s revocation of the decision to prosecute

The procuracy, when finding a justification as per Article 157 of this Law or Article 16 or Article 29 or Section 2, Article 91 of the Criminal Code, shall decide to revoke the decision to prosecute prior to the start of the trial and to request the Court to dismiss the case.

Article 286. Delivery of a first-instance Court’s decisions

1. A decision to hear a case shall be given to the defendant or his representative, defense counsel, crime victim and litigant in 10 days at most prior to the start of the trial.

A decision to hold a trial in absentia shall be given to the defendant's defense counsel or representative. Such decision shall also be posted publicly at the People’s committee at the commune, ward or town where the defendant last resided or his last workplace or educational facility.

2. The court’s decision to suspend, dismiss or resume a case shall be given to the suspect, defendant, crime victim or their representatives and other participants in legal proceedings in 03 days upon the issuance of such decision.

3. The delivery of a decision to appoint a Judge presiding the court, to try a case, to suspend, dismiss or resume a case to the equivalent procuracy must occur in 02 days upon the issuance of such decision. A decision to dismiss or suspend a case must be sent to the immediate superior Procuracy in 02 days upon the issuance of such decision.

4. A decision to implement, alter or terminate preventive or coercive measure shall be given, in 24 hours upon the issuance of such decision, to the suspect, defendant, the equivalent Procuracy, detention facility holding the suspect or defendant in captivity.

Article 287. Summoning of individuals to the trial for questioning

The presiding judge shall consider the decision to hear the case and requests by procurators, defense counsel and other participants in legal proceedings to summon individuals to the trial for questioning.

Volume III. GENERAL REGULATIONS ON COURT PROCEEDINGS

Article 288. Attendance of members of the Trial panel and Court clerk

1. The trial shall proceed only in the presence of full members of the Trial panels and the Court clerk. The members of the Trial panel must hear the case from start to finish.

2. If a Judge or lay assessor cannot continue hearing the case but a reserve Judge or lay assessor attends the trial from the start, the reserve one shall be the replace member of the Trial panel. If the Trial panel consists of two judges but the Presiding judge cannot continue attending the trial, the other Judge shall preside the court and a reserve Judge shall be the replace member of the Trial panel.

3. If a reserve Judge or lay assessor is not available or a judge substituting the presiding judge is not available as per Section 2 of this Article, the trial shall be adjourned.

4. If the Court clerk is changed or cannot continue attending the court, the trial may progress in the presence of a reserve Court clerk. If a replace clerk is not available, the trial shall be halted.

Article 289. Attendance of Procurators

1. A procurator of the equivalent Procuracy must appear in court to exercise prosecution rights and administer the trial. If the procurator is absent, the trial shall be adjourned. Many procurators may attend a lawsuit composed of serious and complex elements. If procurator(s) cannot attend the trial, reserve procurator(s) attending the trial from the start shall become replace(s) to exercise prosecution rights and administer the trial.

2. If procurator(s) must be replaced or cannot continue exercising prosecution rights or administering the trial in the absence of reserve procurator(s), the trial shall be adjourned.

Article 290. Defendants’ attendance in the court

1. A defendant must be present in the court as per the Court’s subpoena during the trial. If the defendant is absent not due to force majeure or objective obstacles, he shall be delivered by force to the court. If his absence results from force majeure or objective obstacles, the trial shall be adjourned.

If the defendant suffers from mental illness or fatal disease, the Judicial panel shall suspend the case until the defendant is cured.

If the defendant absconds, the Trial panel shall suspend the case and request investigation authorities to seek for him.

2. The court can only hold a trial in absentia in the following events:

a) The defendant has absconded and remains elusive despite the wanted notice;

b) The defendant is on foreign soil and cannot be summoned to the court;

c) The trial panel approves a request for trial in absentia;

d) The defendant’s absence is not because of force majeure or objective obstacles and does not hinder the trial.

Article 291. Attendance of defense counsels

1. The defense counsel must appear in court to plead for persons whom they agree to advocate. The defense counsel may send the written statement of defense to the Court in advance. If the defense counsel is absent for the first time due to force majeure or objective obstacles, the trial shall be adjourned unless the defendant agrees to be tried in the absence of the defense counsel. If the defense counsel is absent not due to force majeure or objective obstacles or fails to appear as per the valid second subpoena, the court shall hold the trial.

2. If a defense counsel appointed as per Section 1, Article 76 of this Law is absent, the Trial panel shall adjourn the trial unless the defendant or his representative agrees to engage in the trial in the absence of the defense counsel.

Article 292. Attendance of crime victims, litigants or their representatives

1. If crime victim(s), litigant(s) or their representatives are absent, the Trial panel, as the case may be, shall decide to adjourn or continue the trial.

2. If the absence of the crime victim(s) or litigant(s) only obstructs the settlement of compensations for damage, the Trial panel may separate the issue of compensation for later adjudication as per the laws.

Article 293. Attendance of witness testifiers

1. Testifiers shall attend the trial to elucidate facts of a case. If a testifier is absent but gives statements to investigation authorities, the presiding judge shall announce such statements. If a witness testifier for vital issues of the case is absent, the Trial panel shall, as the case may be, decide to adjourn or continue the trial.

2. If a witness testifier is summoned by the Court but is intentionally absent not due to force majeure or objective obstacles, the Trial panel shall decide to escort by force such witness testifier, whose absence is deemed to hinder the trial, according to this Law.

Article 294. Attendance of expert witnesses and valuators

1. Expert witnesses and property valuators shall attend the trial as per the Court’s subpoena.

2. If the expert witness or valuator is absent, the Trial panel, as the case may be, shall decide to adjourn or continue the trial.

Article 295. Attendance of interpreters and translators

1. Interpreters and translators, when summoned by the Court, shall attend the trial.

2. If the interpreter or translator is absent without a replace, the Trial panel shall decide to adjourn the trial.

Article 296. Attendance of Investigators and other individuals

During the process of trial, the Trial panel may summon Investigators, authorized procedural persons handling the lawsuit and other individuals, if deemed necessary, to adduce matters related to the case.

Article 297. Adjournment of trial

1. The court shall adjourn the trial in one of the following events:

a) There are justifications as defined in Article 52, 53, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294 and 295 of this Law;

b) Evidences, documents or items must be verified or supplemented outside the court;

c) Expert examinations must be furthered or repeated;

d) Valuation processes must be furthered or repeated.

If the trial is adjourned, it shall restart.

2. The duration of a adjournment to a trial at first instance shall not exceed 30 days upon the issuance of a decision to adjourn the trial.

3. A written decision to adjourn a trial shall specify these primary details:

a) The issue date of the decision;

b) The name of the Court and full name of the Judge(s), lay assessors and Court clerk;

c) The full name of Procurator(s) exercising prosecution rights and administering the trial in court;

d) The case being adjudicated;

dd) The reasons for adjournment;

e) The time and location for the resumption of the trial

4. The presiding judge shall represent the Trial panel to sign the written decision to adjourn the trial. If the presiding judge is absent or replaced, the Court president shall decide to adjourn the trial.

A decision to adjourn a trial, in 02 days upon the issuance of the decision, must be announced to the participants in legal proceedings in court, be sent to the equivalent Procuracy and to individuals absent from the court.

Article 298. Limits of adjudication

1. A court shall adjudicate defendants and acts of crimes prosecuted by a Procuracy and brought to trial as per the Court's decision.

2. The court, when adjudicating defendants, may adduce different sections in a legal article, which the Procuracy quote for prosecution, or may consider other crimes equal or lesser than those prosecuted by the Procuracy.

3. If the defendants must be tried for crimes that outweigh those prosecuted by the Procuracy, the Court shall return documents for the Procuracy to re-prosecute and have defendants or their representatives and defense counsels informed of reasons. If the Procuracy still prosecute the original crimes, the Court shall be entitled to adjudge the defendants to crimes of higher degree.

Article 299. Pronouncement of a Court's judgments and rulings

1. The trial panel shall discuss and pass judgments in the retiring room.

2. The decisions to change Trial panel's members, procurator(s), court clerk, expert witness(s), valuator(s), interpreter(s), translator(s) or to suspend or dismiss cases, to adjourn a trial, to hold or discharge defendants in detention shall be discussed and passed in writing the retiring room.

3. The decisions on other matters, as discussed and passed by the Trial panel in the retiring room, may not be executed in writing but must be inputted in the court record.

Volume IV. FORMALITIES TO COMMENCE COURT PROCEEDINGS

Article 300. Preliminary activities to commence a trial

The court clerk, prior to the start of the trial, shall perform these tasks:

1. Verify the attendance and perceive reasons for the absence of the individuals summoned by the Court;

2. Announce the court’s rules.

Article 301. Start of trial

1. The presiding judge commences the trial and utter the decision to hear the case.

2. The court clerk reports to the Trial panel on the attendance and absence, with reasons, of the individuals summoned by the Court.

3. The presiding judge reviews the presence of the individuals responding to the Court’s subpoena, examines personal records and announce their rights and duties.

Article 302. Handling of requests for the replacement of Judges, lay assessors, Procurators, Court Clerks, expert witnesses, property valuators, interpreters or translators

The presiding judge shall ask the Procurators and participants in legal proceedings in court about requests and reasons for the replacement of Judges, lay assessors, Procurators, Court clerks, expert witnesses, valuators, interpreters or translators. The trial panel shall consider and ratify such requests, if raised.

Article 303. Undertaking by interpreters, translators, expert witnesses and property valuators

The presiding judge, after elucidating the rights and duties of interpreters, translators, expert witnesses and property valuators, shall demand their commitments to accomplish their missions.

Article 304. Oath and exclusion of witness testifiers

1. The presiding judge, after explaining the witness testifiers’ rights and duties, shall demand them to undertake to honest testimony.

2. The presiding judge, prior to the questioning of witness testifiers about the case, shall decide measures to exclude witness testifiers from hearing each other’s testimonies or interacting with concerned people. If the defendant’s statements and witness testifiers’ testimonies come under mutual influence, the presiding judge shall isolate defendants from witness testifiers before witness testifiers undergo questioning session.

Article 305. Handling of requests for evidence assessment and adjournment to trial out of absence

The presiding judge must ask Procurators and participants in legal proceedings in court about requests for the summoning of additional witness testifiers or display of more exhibits and documents for assessment. If a participant in legal proceedings is absent or appear in court but fails to engage in legal proceedings due to ill health conditions, the presiding judge shall ask about requests for an adjournment to the trial. The trial panel shall consider and ratify such requests, if raised.

Volume V. FORMALITIES TO CONDUCT COURT PROCEEDINGS

Article 306. Announcement of charges

Procurators, before engaging in the questioning session, shall announce the charges and state additional opinions, if available. Additional opinions must not exacerbate the defendants' situations.

Article 307. Sequence of questioning

1. The trial panel must ascertain sufficient facts of each event and every crime in the case and per capita. The presiding judge shall govern the questioning session and decide the rational order of persons raising questions.

2. Each person shall be questioned by the presiding judge then, as per his decisions, by other Judges, lay assessors, Procurators, defense counsels, and protectors of litigants' legitimate rights and benefits.

Participants in court proceedings shall be entitled to petition the presiding judge for his inquiry into facts that require further clarification.

Expert witnesses and property valuators shall be asked about matters related to expert examinations and property valuation.

3. The trial panel, when running the questioning session, shall examine exhibits in connection with the case.

Article 308. Disclosure of statements gathered during the stage of investigation or prosecution

1. If the person questioned appears in court, the Judicial panel and procurators shall not disclose their statements gathered during the stage of investigation or prosecution.

2. Statements gathered during the stage of investigation or prosecution shall be disclosed in one of the following events:

a) The person questioned gives testimonies in court, which conflict with his statements taken during the stage of investigation or prosecution;

b) The person questioned does not give testimonies in court or does not remember his statements taken during the stage of investigation or prosecution;

c) The person questioned petitions for the disclosure of his statements taken during the stage of investigation or prosecution;

d) The person questioned is absent or deceased.

3. The trial panel shall not disclose documents of a case to, in special events, maintain the confidentiality of state secrets, trade secrets, business secrets or personal secrets, family secrets must be maintained, if deemed necessary or as per requests by participants in legal proceedings, or to preserve national conventions.

Article 309. Questioning of defendants

1. The presiding judge shall decide to have each defendant questioned separately. If a defendant’s testimonies influence another defendant's statements, the presiding judge must exclude them from hearing each other. The defendant excluded shall be informed of the prior defendant's testimonies and be permitted to raise questions to that defendant.

2. A defendant shall state his opinions regarding the charging documents and facts of the case. The trial panel inquires further about details that a defendant has not elucidated or that come into collision.

Procurators shall ask defendants about evidences, documents and items in connection with conviction or acquittal and other facts of the case.

Defense counsels shall ask defendants about evidences, documents and items related to their tasks of defense and facts of the case.

Protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants shall ask defendants about facts regarding their protection of litigants’ legitimate benefits and rights.

Participants in court proceedings shall be permitted to petition the presiding judge to inquire further about facts related to them.

3. If a defendant does not answer questions, the Trial panel, Procurators, defense counsels, protectors of legitimate benefits and rights of aggrieved persons and litigants shall ask other persons and examine exhibits and documents pertaining to the case.

A defendant, with the presiding judge’s permission, shall ask other defendants about matters linked to him.

Article 310. Questioning of crime victims, litigants or their representatives

Crime victims, litigants or their representatives shall present the case's facts associated with them. After such persons' presentations, the Trial panel, Procurators, defense counsels and protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants shall ask them more about insufficient or contradictory details in their speech.

Defendants, when permitted by the presiding judge, shall raise questions to crime victims, litigants or their representatives about matters related to the defendants.

Article 311. Questioning of witness testifiers

1. Each witness testifier shall be questioned separately. None of the witness testifiers is allowed to gain knowledge of each other’s questions and answers.

2. The trial panel, when questioning a witness testifier, shall inquire about the witness testifier’s relationship with defendants and litigants of the case. The presiding judge shall request witness testifiers to expound the facts of the case, which came to their knowledge, and have them clarify inadequate or inconsistent details in their testimonies. Procurators, defense counsels and protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants may pose additional questions to witness testifiers.

With the presiding judge’s consent, a defendant may ask witness testifiers about matters that are connected to the defendant.

3. Witness testifiers, after giving testimonies, shall remain in the courtroom for further questioning.

4. If there are evidences of violations or risks of violations against the life, health, property, honor and dignity of a witness testifier or his kindred, the Trial panel shall decide to have them secured by protective measures according to this Law or other relevant laws.

5. The court, if necessary, shall question witness testifiers through a network of computers or telecommunications.

Article 312. Assessment of exhibits

1. Exhibits, images or written attestation of exhibits shall be displayed for assessment in court.

The trial panel, along with procurators, defense counsels and participants in court proceedings, shall assess immovable exhibits on site, if necessary.  The onsite assessment of exhibits shall be executed in writing according to Article 133 of this Law.

2. Procurators, defense counsels and other participants in court shall be permitted to state their opinions regarding the exhibits. The trial panel, procurators, defense counsels and protectors of the legitimate rights and benefits of litigants and crime victims can inquire courtroom participants further about matters linked with exhibits.

Article 313. Audible or visual records

The trial panel shall decide to have audible or visual records played in court to assess evidences, documents and items related to the case or verify the defendants’ claims of torture or confession extortion.

Article 314. Scene assessment

The trial panel, along with procurators, defense counsels and participants in court proceedings, shall assess crime scenes or other sites in connection with the case, if necessary. Procurators, defense counsels and other participants in court proceedings shall be entitled to make remarks on the crime scenes or other sites linked with the case. The trial panel can ask courtroom participants more about matters regarding such locations.

The process of scene assessment shall be executed in writing according to Article 133 of this Law.

Article 315. Presentation and announcement of reports and documents from authorities and organizations

Authorities and organizations shall assign representatives to expound on their reports and documents. If their representatives do not attend the trial, the Trial panel shall announce such reports and documents in court.

Procurators, defendants, defense counsels and other participants in court proceedings shall be entitled to make remarks on the said documents and reports and raise questions to the representatives of the said authorities or organizations and to other participants in court proceedings about matters related to such documents and reports.

Article 316. Questioning of expert witnesses and property valuators

1. The trial panel shall, on its own discretion or as per requests by Procurators, defense counsels or other participants in court, request expert witnesses and property valuators to state their findings on matters examined or property valued. Expert witnesses and property valuators, when reporting, are entitled to give additional explanations and justifications for their findings.

2. Procurators, defense counsels and other participants in court proceedings shall be entitled to comment on the findings of expert examinations and property valuation. Moreover, they shall be permitted to ask about unclear or contradictory details of such findings or the details that conflict with other facts of the case.

3. If expert witnesses or property valuators are absent from the court, the presiding judge shall announce the findings of expert examinations and property valuation.

4. The trial panel shall order that expert examinations are furthered or repeated or property valuation process starts again, if deemed necessary.

Article 317. Remarks by Investigators, Procurators, persons participating in or given authority to institute legal proceedings

The trial panel shall, on its discretion or at the requests for authorized procedural persons, request Investigators, Procurators, persons participating in or given authority to institute legal proceedings to give their opinions, if deemed necessary to clarify decisions and proceedings during the stage of investigation, prosecution and adjudication.

Article 318. End of questioning session

The presiding judge, when considering facts of the case fully assessed, shall ask Procurators, defendants, defense counsels and other participants in court proceedings about their further questions. If no further question exists, the questioning session shall end. If further questions raised are deemed necessary, the presiding judge shall decide to sustain the questioning session.

Article 319. Procurator’s revocation of decisions on prosecution or conclusion of lesser charges in court

Procurators, after ending their questioning session, can revoke parts or all of their decisions to prosecute or conclude lesser charges.

Article 320. Sequence of oral arguments

1. Procurators, after finishing their questioning session, shall draw conclusions. If grounds for conviction are not found, all decisions to prosecute shall be revoke and the Court shall be requested to declare defendants not guilty.

2. Defendants and defense counsels shall give arguments to defend the former. Defendants and their representatives shall be entitled to supplement the defense arguments.

3. Crime victims, litigants and their representatives state their arguments to defend their legitimate rights and benefits. Other protectors of such people’s legitimate benefits and rights shall be entitled to present and supplement arguments.

4. If charges are pressed at the requests by the crime victims, the Procurators shall draw conclusions before the aggrieved and their representatives state and supplement arguments.

Article 321. Conclusion by Procurators

1. Procurators, when reaching conclusions, must contemplate evidences, documents and items examined in court and arguments given by defendants, defense counsels, protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants, and other participants in court proceedings.

2. The content of such conclusions must analyze and assess, in unbiased, comprehensive and thorough manners, evidences of guilt or innocence; nature and harmful extent of crimes against society; consequences of crimes; personal records and roles of defendants in crimes; offence titles; points, sections and articles quoted from the Criminal Code, factors aggravating or mitigating criminal liabilities; level of compensations for damage, handling of evidences, judicial remedies; reasons and circumstances leading to crimes and other significant facts of the case.

3. Procurators shall propose the conviction of defendants on parts or all of charges or lesser crimes; primary and additional penalties, judicial remedies, liabilities for amends, handling of evidences.

4. Preventive measures against crimes and breach of laws shall be proposed.

Article 322. Oral arguments in court

1. Defendants, defense counsels and other participants in legal proceedings shall be entitled to present their opinions, evidences and arguments in response to Procurators' presentation of evidences of guilt and innocence; nature and harmful extent of crimes against society; consequences of crimes; personal records and roles of defendants in the case; factors aggravating and mitigating criminal liabilities, penalties; civil liabilities, measures for handling evidences, judicial remedies; reasons and circumstances leading to crimes and other significant facts of the case.

Defendants, defense counsels and other participants in legal proceedings shall be entitled to state their propositions.

2. Procurators must display evidences, documents and arguments to respond to the last of each standpoint given by the defendants, defense counsels and other participants in court proceedings.

Individuals engaging in oral arguments shall be entitled to respond to other people’s opinions.

3. The presiding judge shall not restrict the time for oral arguments and shall endorse Procurators, defendants, defense counsels, crime victims and other participants in legal proceedings to argue and state all viewpoints. However; opinions not related to the case or repeated shall be removed.

The presiding judge shall demand Procurators’ obligation to respond to standpoints of defense counsels and other participants in legal proceedings if Procurators do not debate such standpoints.

4. The trial panel must listen and acknowledge every standpoint from Procurators, defendants, defense counsels and other individuals providing oral arguments in court to judge truths of the case in impartial and comprehensive manners. The trial panel, if overruling standpoints of courtroom participants, must clarify its justifications that are inputted into the court record.

Article 323. Resumption of questioning session

If oral arguments expose unasked or unclear facts of the case, the Trial panel must resume the questioning session.  Oral arguments shall continue upon the end of the questioning session.

Article 324. Defendants’ last words

1. When no more argument is made, the presiding judge declares the end of the oral argument session.

2. Defendants shall speak their last words. No question shall be raised after the defendants utter their last words. If the defendants’ last words reveal new facts significant to the case, the Trial panel shall decide to resume the questioning session. The trial panel shall be entitled to request the defendants not to digress from the case. However, no time limit shall be imposed on the defendants' final speech.

Article 325. Revocation of decisions to prosecute or to conclude lesser charges in court

1. The trial panel shall sustain the trial though the Procurators revoke parts of the decision to prosecute or draw conclusions on lesser offences.

2. If the Procurators revoke the entire decision to prosecute before the deliberation session, the Trial panel shall request courtroom participants to state their opinions on the revocation of the decision to prosecute.

Volume VI. DELIBERATION AND PRONOUNCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS

Article 326. Deliberation of judgments

1. Only judges and lay assessors are empowered to deliberate judgments The deliberation session occurs in the retiring room.

The presiding judge chairing the deliberation session shall be responsible for stating each issue of the case that must be settled through the Trial panel’s deliberation. The presiding judge himself or assigns a member of the Trial panel to execute the written record of deliberation. Members of the Trial panel must settle all and every issue of the case under majority rule. The votes shall be first casted by the lay assessors then by the Judge(s). If the opinions do not win most of the vote, each of the trial panel’s members’ opinions shall be re-discussed and re-voted for the most voted ones.  The minority voters shall be permitted to state their opinions in writing, which are inputted into the case file.

2. The deliberation session shall only consider evidences and documents verified in court on the basis of fully and thoroughly examined evidences and standpoints of Procurators, defendants, defense counsels and other participants in legal proceedings.

3. The following issues of a case must be settled through deliberation:

a) The case is suspended or documents are returned for further investigation;

b) The legality of evidences and documents gathered by Investigation authorities, Investigators, Procuracies and Procurators or provided by lawyers, suspects, defendants and other participants in legal proceedings;

c) The existence of justifications for the conviction of the defendants. If justifications for conviction suffice, the points, sections and articles applicable from the Criminal Code must be specified.

d) Penalties and judicial panels imposed on the defendants; liabilities for compensations; civil matters in the criminal lawsuit;

dd) The defendants‘ exemption from criminal liabilities or penalties;

e) Criminal court fee, civil court fee; handling of evidences; property seized, accounts frozen;

g) The validity of acts and procedural decisions of Investigators, Procurators and defense counsels during the processes of investigation, prosecution and adjudication;

h) Propositions for the prevention of crimes and correction of violations.

4. If the Procurators revoke the entire decision to prosecute, the Trial panel shall continue settling the issues of the case by the sequence defined in section 1 of this Article. If justifications absolve a defendant of guilt, the Trial panel shall declare the defendant not guilty. The trial panel, if considering the revocation of the decision to prosecute groundless, shall decide to suspend the lawsuit and inform the head of the equivalent or immediate superior Procuracy of such matter.

5. If a case comprises a variety of complex facts, the Trial panel can decide to extend the duration of the deliberation for 07 more days at most upon the end of the oral argument session in court. The trial panel must inform the courtroom participants and other participants in legal proceedings, who are absent from the court, of the time, date and location for the pronouncement of judgments.

6. The trial panel, when finishing the deliberation session, shall decide one of the following matters:

a) Pass and pronounce the sentences;

b) Resume the sessions of questioning and oral argument if some facts of the case remain unasked or unclear;

c) Return case files to the Procuracy for further investigation and the Procuracy's addition of documents and evidences;

d) Suspend the lawsuit.

The trial panel must inform the courtroom participants and other participants in legal proceedings, who are absent from the court, of the decisions as stated in Point c and Point d of this Section.

7. If crimes are omitted, the Trial panel shall decide to file a lawsuit according to Article 18 and Article 153 of this Law.

Article 327. Pronouncement of judgments

The presiding judge or a member of the Trial panel shall read the sentence document. In a closed trial, only the ruling section of the sentence document shall be read. Additional explanations on the abidance by the sentences and the right to appeal may be provided after the reading of the sentence document.

Article 328. Discharge of defendants

In the following events, the Trial panel must declare the immediate discharge, in the courtroom, of a defendant in detention, if he is not held in detention for another crime:

1. The defendant is guiltless;

2. The defendant is exempt from criminal liabilities or penalties;

3. The defendant is not sentenced to imprisonment;

4. A suspended jail sentence is imposed on the defendant;

5. The length of the jail sentence is equal to or shorter than the length of the detention of  the defendant.

Article 329. Detention of defendants after the pronouncement of sentences

1. If a defendant held in detention is sentenced to jail and such detention is deemed necessary to enforce the sentence, the Trial panel shall decide to hold such defendant in detention, unless otherwise stated in Section 4 and Section 5, Article 328 of this Law.

2. If a defendant not held in detention is sentenced to jail, he shall only be put in detention for the enforcement of the sentence upon the effect of the sentence. The trial panel can decide to hold a defendant in detention in court if justifications show that he may abscond or continue criminal acts.

3. The time limit for the detention of a defendant, as per Section 1 and Section 2 of this Article, is 45 days upon the pronouncement of the sentence.

4. If a defendant is sentenced to death, the Trial panel shall decide, in the sentence document, to continue the detention of the defendant for the enforcement of the sentence.

Chapter XXII

APPELLATE TRIAL

Volume I. CHARACTERISTICS OF APPELLATE TRIAL AND RIGHT TO APPEAL

Articles 330. Characteristics of appellate trial

1. Appellate trial means that the immediate superior Court re-tries a case or re-considers the decisions passed by the first instance court, whose judgments and rulings pronounced for the case are appealed before coming into force.

2. The decisions in a first instance court, which are appealed, refer to decisions to suspend or dismiss the case or lawsuit against suspects and defendants and other decisions in the first instance court as per this Law.

Article 331. Right to appeal

1. Defendants, crime victims and their representatives shall have the right to appeal against the judgments or rulings of the first instance court.

2. Defense counsels shall have the right to appeal protect the benefits of individuals aged below 18 or having mental or physical defects, who they have defended.

3. Civil plaintiffs, civil defendants and their representatives shall have the right to appeal against parts of the judgments or rulings, that are related to compensations for damage.

4. Individuals having benefits and duties from the case and their representatives shall have the right to appeal against parts of the judgments or rulings, which are associated with their duties and benefits.

5. The protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims or litigants aged less than 18 or having mental or physical defects shall have the right to appeal against parts of the judgments or rulings, which are in connection with the benefits and duties of those under their protection.

6. A person declared not guilty by a Court shall have the right to appeal against the justifications of the first-instance court’s verdict of no guilty.

Article 332. Appellate procedure

1. The appellant lodges an appeal to the court that conducted the first instance trial or a court of second instance.

If the defendant is held in detention, the warden of the detention center or head of the detention facility must enable the defendant's execution of his right to appeal. The warden or head shall obtain and forward the written appeal to the first-instance court that issued the judgments or rulings appealed.

The appellant can directly present his appeal to the court that conducted the first-instance trial or the appellate court. The court must make a written record of the appeal as per Article 133 of this Law.

The appellate court, that has made the written record of the appeal or received the written appeal, shall send such record or written appeal to the first instance court for further activities according to general regulations.

2. A written appeal shall contain these primary details:

a) The date of the written appeal;

b) The full name and address of the appellant;

c) The reasons and petitions of the appellant;

d) The signature or fingerprint of the appellant.

3. The written or direct appeal shall be enclosed with additional evidences, documents and items, if available, that evince the grounds of such appeal.

Article 333. Time limit for appeal

1. The time limit for appeal against a first-instance court’s judgments is 15 days upon the pronouncement of such judgments. If the defendant or litigant is absent from the court, the time limit for appeal commences upon his receipt or the proclamation of the judgments according to the laws.

2. The time limit for appeal against a first-instance court’s rulings is 07 days and commences when the person entitled to appeal receives such rulings.

3. The entry date of an appeal is determined as follows:

a) The date shown in the postmark on the mail containing the written appeal sent by post;

b) If the written appeal is forwarded by the warden of the detention center or head of the detention facility, the entry date of the appeal shall be the date when the warden or detention head receives the written appeal. The warden or detention head must specify and confirm the date of receipt by affixing his signature on the written appeal;

c) If the appellant submits the written appeal in court, the entry date of the appeal shall be fixed upon the Court’s receipt of the written appeal. If the appellant directly appeals in court, the entry date of the appeal shall be fixed upon the Court’s written record of such appeal.

Article 334. Procedures for admission and processing of appeals

1. The first-instance court, after receiving the written appeal or executing a written record of the appeal, must enter details into a receipt journal and verify the validity of such appeal according to this Law.

2. If the written appeal is valid, the first-instance Court shall send a notice of appeal according to Article 338 of this Law;

3. If the written appeal is valid but its content is obscure, the first-instance Court must promptly inform the appellant for the latter's elucidation.

4. If the content of the written appeal conforms to this Law but the time limit for appeal expires, the first-instance court shall request the appellant to present his excuses and evidences, documents and items, if available, which justify his late submission of the written appeal.

5. If the petitioner does not have the right to appeal, the Court shall return the petition, in 03 days upon the receipt of such paper, and notice the petitioner and equivalent Procuracy in writing. Such written notice must specify reasons for the return of the petition.

A complaint can be lodged against the return of such petition in 07 days upon the receipt of the notice. The processing of such complaint shall abide by the stipulations in Chapter XXXIII of this Law.

Article 335. Late appeal

1. The filing of a late appeal shall be permissible on condition that the appellant has been obstructed by force majeure or objective obstacles to lodge an appeal within the time limit as defined by this Law.

2. The court of first instance, in 03 days upon receiving a late appeal, shall forward to the appellate court the written appeal, the appellant's letter explaining the retardation of the appeal and evidences, documents and items (if available).

3. The appellate court, in 10 days upon receiving the late appeal enclosed with evidences, documents and items (if any), shall establish a Panel of three Judges to scrutinize the late appeal. The panel that contemplates the late appeal shall be entitled to decide to endorse or reject such appeal in writing and specify its reasons in the written decision.

4. The procurator of the equivalent Procuracy shall attend the meeting, in which the late appeal is perused. The appellate Court, in 03 days prior to its contemplation of the late appeal, shall send a copy of the late appeal with evidences and documents (if any) to the equivalent Procuracy. The procurator shall express the Procuracy’s standpoints on the ratification of the late appeal.

5. The decision by the late appeal review Panel shall be sent to the appellant, the Court of first instance and the Procuracy equivalent to the appellate Court.

If the appellate Court accepts the late appeal, the Court of first instance shall go through the formalities as defined in this Law and send the case file to the appellate Court.

Article 336. Appeal by the Procuracy

1. An appeal can be lodged by a Procuracy equivalent to the court of first instance or the immediate superior Procuracy to protest a judgment or ruling passed by such court.

2. An appeal by the Procuracy shall contain these primary details:

a) The issue date and number of the decision to appeal;

b) The name of the Procuracy that decides to appeal;

c) The appeal is filed against parts or the whole of judgments or rulings of the first instance court;

d) The reasons, justifications for appeal and requests by the Procuracy;

dd) Full name and position of the individual signing the written decision to appeal.

Article 337. Time limit for protest

1. The time limit for protests against a first-instance court’s judgments is 15 days for the equivalent Procuracy and 30 days for the immediate superior Procuracy upon the Court’s pronouncement of such judgments.

2. The time limit for protests against a first-instance court’s rulings is 15 days for the equivalent Procuracy and 30 days for the immediate superior Procuracy upon the Court’s issuance of such rulings.

Article 338. Notice of appeals and delivery of prosecution decisions to appeal

1. The first-instance court shall notice the equivalent Procuracy and concerned individuals in writing about the appeal in 07 days upon the expiration of the time limit for appeal. Such written notice must specify the appellant’s requests.

2. The procuracy, in 02 days upon issuing the decision to appeal, shall deliver such appeal with additional evidences, documents and appeals (if any) to the Court that held the first-instance trial, the defendants and concerned individuals. The procuracy filing the appeal must send its decision to appeal to another Procuracy that has jurisdiction of appeals.

3. Participants in legal proceedings, who are informed in writing of the appeal or protest, shall be entitled to state their opinions on the content of such appeal in writing to the appellate Court. Their opinions shall be inputted into the case file.

Article 339. Results of appeals or protests

Parts of the Court's judgments and rulings being appealed shall not be enforced, unless otherwise defined in Article 363 of this Law. If an appeal is filed against the whole of the Court’s judgments or rulings, the enforcement of all judgments or rulings shall be postponed, except for circumstances as defined in Article 363 of this Law.

The first-instance Court must provide the appellate Court with the case file, written appeal and documents, evidences and items (if any) in 07 days upon the expiration of the time limit for appeals or protests.

Article 340. Admission of cases

1. The appellate Court, upon receiving the file of the case appealed with evidences, documents and items (if any), shall enter details into the case admission journal.

2. In 03 days upon the admission of the case, the Court president of the appellate Court  shall appoint a Judge to preside the court and meeting session.

Article 341. Transfer of case files to the Procuracy

1. The appellate Court, after admitting the case, must transfer the case file to the equivalent Procuracy. The case file must be returned to the Court, in 15 days’ time for the provincial People’s Procuracy or military procuracy of a military zone or 20 days’ time for the Higher People’s Procuracy or Central military procuracy upon such procuracies’ receipt of the case file. In the case of extremely severe or complicated felonies, the said time limit may be extended for 25 more days for the provincial People’s Procuracy or military procuracy of a military zone or 30 more days for the Higher People’s Procuracy or Central military procuracy.

2. Additional evidences, documents and items given to the appellate Court prior to its process of adjudication must be forwarded to the equivalent Procuracy. The procuracy, in 03 days upon receiving such additional documents, evidences and items, must return them to the Court.

Article 342. Amendment or withdrawal of appeals

1. The appellant or Procuracy deciding to appeal shall be entitled to amend the appeal but not to aggravate the defendants' circumstances, in the appellate court or prior to the start of the trial. The right to withdraw parts or all of the appeal shall be granted to the appellant, the Procuracy deciding to appeal or the immediate superior Procuracy in the appellate court or prior to the start of the trial.

2. The amendment or withdrawal of an appeal prior to the start of the trial must be executed in writing and sent to the appellate Court. The appellate court must inform the Procuracy, defendants and concerned individuals of the amendment or withdrawal of the appeal. The amendment or withdrawal of an appeal in court shall be noted in the court record.

3. If the appellant or Procuracy withdraws a part of the appeal in court, which does not affect other parts, the appellate Trial panel shall consider the part withdrawn and decide to terminate its adjudication of such part of the appeal.

Article 343. Effect of a first-instance court’s judgments and rulings not being appealed

A first-instance court's judgments, rulings and parts of such not being appealed shall come into force upon the expiration of the time limit for appeals and protests.

Volume II. PROCEDURE IN APPELLATE COURTS

Article 344. Appellate jurisdiction

1. A provincial People’s Court shall have appellate jurisdiction over a district People’s Court's judgments and rulings being appealed.

2. The higher People’s Court shall have appellate jurisdiction over a provincial's judgments and rulings being appealed. However, such appellate jurisdiction shall be subject to territorial jurisdiction.

3. A military court of a military zone shall have appellate jurisdiction over a local military court's judgments and rulings being appealed.

4. The Central military court shall have appellate jurisdiction over the judgments and rulings that were passed by a military court of a military zone and are being appealed.

Articles 345. Scope of appellate jurisdiction

An appellate court shall review the content of sentences and rulings being appealed. It can review other parts of such sentences and rulings, which are not appealed, if necessary.

Article 346. Time limit for appellate trial preparation

1. A provincial People’s Court or military Court of a military zone must start the appellate trial in 60 days upon the receipt of the case file. The higher People’s Court or Central military court must begin the appellate trial in 90 upon receiving the case file.

2. Upon the admission of a case, the provincial People’s Court and military court of the military zone, in 45 days, or the Higher People’s Court and Central military court, in 75 days, must issue one of the following decisions:

a) Terminate the appellate trial;

b) Hear the appellate case;

3. In 15 days upon deciding to hear the case, the Court must start the appellate trial.

4. The appellate court, in 10 days at most prior to the start of the trial, must send its decision to try the case to the equivalent Procuracy, defense counsels, crime victims, protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants, appellants and individuals having duties and interests related to the appeal.

Article 347. Implementation, alteration and termination of preventive and coercive measures

1. The appellate court, upon accepting the case, shall be empowered to implement, alter or terminate preventive and coercive measures.

The implementation, alteration and termination of detention shall be subject to the decisions of the Court president and Vice court presidents. The implementation, alteration and termination of other preventive and coercive measures shall be subject to the decisions of the Presiding judge.

2. The time limit for detention prior to trial shall not exceed the time limit for appellate trial preparation as per Article 346 of this Law.

The appellate court shall base on the first-instance court’s decision on detention to set the time limit for extending the active detention of a defendant, if deemed imperative. The appellate court shall base on the first-instance court’s decision on detention to extend the active time limit for the continued detention of a defendant, if deemed imperative.

If a defendant is held and must be kept in detention for the completion of the trial, the Trial panel shall decide to hold him in detention until the end of the trial.

3. If a defendant in detention is sentenced to jail but his detention time expires, the Trial panel shall decide to hold him in detention for sentence enforcement, unless otherwise stated in Section 4 and Section 5, Article 328 of this Law.

If a defendant not in detention is sentenced to jail, the Trial panel can decide to put him in detention upon the pronouncement of sentences.

The time limit for detention is 45 days upon the pronouncement of sentences.

Article 348. Termination of appellate trial

1. The appellate court shall terminate the appellate trial when the appellant or Procuracy withdraws the entire appeals. The termination of the appellate trial shall be subject to the decisions of the Presiding judge, prior to the start of the trial, or the decisions of the Trial panel, in court. The first-instance court’s sentences shall come into force upon the appellate Court’s issuance of the decision to terminate the appellate trial.

2. If the appellant or Procuracy, prior to the start of the trial, withdraws parts of the appeal, which are deemed not to affect other parts, the Presiding judge shall decide to terminate the appellate trial against the parts withdrawn.

3. A decision to terminate appellate trial must specify reasons of termination and other details as defined in Section 2, Article 132 of this Law.

The appellate court, in 03 days upon issuing its decision to terminate the appellate trial, must send such decision to the equivalent Procuracy, the court that held the first-instance trial, defense counsels, crime victims, litigants, protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants, appellants and individuals having duties and interests related to the appeal.

Article 349. Attendance of members of the appellate Trial panel and Court clerk

1. The trial shall proceed only in the presence of full members of the Trial panel and the Court clerk. Members of the Trial panel must hear the case from start to finish.

2. If a Judge fails to continue hearing the case but a reserve Judge attends the trial from the start, the reserve one shall be the substitute member of the Trial panel. If the Presiding judge cannot continue hearing the case, a member Judge of the Trial panel shall preside the court and a reserve Judge shall become a substitute member of the Trial panel.

3. If a reserve Judge or a Judge to substitute the presiding judge, when required, is not available, the trial shall be adjourned.

4. If the Court clerk is replaced or cannot continue attending the court, the trial may progress in the presence of a reserve Court clerk. If a substitute clerk is not available, the trial shall be halted.

Article 350. Attendance of Procurators

1. Procurator(s) of the equivalent Procuracy must appear in the court to exercise prosecution rights and administer the trial. The trial shall be adjourned in the absence of procurator(s). Many procurators may attend a lawsuit composed of serious and complex factors. If procurator(s) cannot attend the trial, reserve procurator(s) attending the trial from the start shall become substitute(s) to exercise prosecution rights and administer the trial.

2. If reserve procurator(s) is not available to replace procurator(s) who must be changed or cannot continue exercising prosecution rights or administering the trial, the Trial panel shall adjourn the trial.

Article 351. Attendance of defense counsels, protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants, appellants and individuals having duties and interests related to the appeal

1. Defense counsels, protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants, appellants and individuals having duties and interests related to the appeal must appear in court as per subpoenas. If such person(s) is absent, the Trial panel shall implement the following measures:

a) If the defense counsel is absent for the first time due to force majeure or objective obstacles, the trial shall be adjourned unless the defendant agrees to be tried in the absence of the defense counsel. If the defense counsel is absent not due to force majeure or objective obstacles or fails to appear as per the valid second subpoena, the court shall hold the trial.

If a defense counsel appointed as per Section 1, Article 76 of this Law is absent, the trial shall be adjourned unless the defendant or his representative agrees to engage in the trial in the absence of the defense counsel.

b) If the appellant, crime victims, litigants and their representatives who have interests and duties related to the appeal, and protectors of legitimate rights and benefits of crime victims and litigants are absent not due to force majeure or objective obstacles, the Trial panel shall hold the trial. If such people are absent due to force majeure or objective obstacles, the Trial panel can hold the trial but cannot pass a judgment or ruling that is inimical to the crime victims or litigants;

c) If the defendant filing or facing an appeal is absent due to force majeure or objective obstacles, the Trial panel can hold the trial but cannot pass a judgment or ruling inimical to the defendant. If the defendant’s absence out of force majeure or objective obstacles does not hinder the trial, the Trial panel shall hold the trial.

2. The appellate court shall decide to summon other individuals to the court, if necessary.

Article 352. Adjournment of appellate trial

1. The appellate court can adjourn the trial only in one of the following events:

a) There are justifications as defined in Article 52, 53, 349, 350 and 351 of this Law;

b) Evidences, documents or items must be verified or added outside the court;

If the trial is adjourned, the process of adjudication shall restart.

2. The duration of an adjournment to a trial of second instance shall be defined in Article 297 of this Law.

Article 353. Addition and examination of evidences, documents and items

1. The procuracy, prior to or at the appellate trial, can gather new evidences on its own discretion or at the requests for the Court. Furthermore, the appellant and individuals having duties and interests related to the appeal, defense counsels, protectors of legitimate benefits and rights of crime victims and litigants shall be entitled to supplement evidences, documents and items.

2. Existing and new evidences and newly added documents and items must be examined in court. The appellate court’s judgments must consider existing and newly added evidences.

Article 354. Procedure of appellate court

1. The procedures to start the trial and conduct oral arguments in an appellate court and first-instance court are similar; however, a member of the Trial panel in the court of second instance shall summarize the case, the first-instance court’s judgments and rulings and details of the appeal before the questioning session.

2. The presiding judge shall ask the appellant about his intention to amend or withdraw the appeal. If such intention exists, the presiding judge shall ask about the Procurator’s opinions on such amendment or withdrawal of the appeal.

The presiding judge shall ask about the Procurator's intention to amend or withdraw the protest. If such intention exists, the presiding judge shall ask the defendants and individuals in connection with the protest to express their opinions on such amendment or withdrawal of the protest.

3. During the court’s session of oral argument, the Procurator and individuals related to the appeal shall express their opinions on the details of the appeal. Moreover, the Procurator shall state the Procuracy’s opinions on the settlement of the case.

Article 355. The appellate Trial panel’s jurisdiction over the first-instance court’s judgments

1. The appellate trial panel shall have the rights to:

a) Reject appeals and sustain the first-instance court’s judgments;

b) Alter the first-instance court’s judgments;

c) Annul the first-instance court’s judgment and send the case back for re-investigation or retrial;

d) Annul the first-instance court’s judgments and dismiss the case;

dd) Terminate the appellate trial.

2. The appellate court’s judgments shall come into force upon the pronouncement of such judgments.

Article 356. Rejection of appeals and sustainment of the first-instance court’s judgments

The appellate court, when considering the first-instance court’s judgments justified and conformable to the laws, shall reject appeals and sustain the first-instance court’s judgments.

Article 357. Alteration of the first-instance court’s judgments

1. In the presence of new facts or grounds showing the disparity in the first-instance court’s judgments and the defendant’s personal records or nature, degree and consequences of the crimes, the Trial panel of the appellate court shall be entitled to alter the first-instance court’s judgments as follows:

a) Exempt the defendant from criminal liabilities or penalties; enforce no additional penalty or judicial remedy;

b) Implement articles and sections of the Criminal Code on lesser crimes;

c) Mitigate the defendant’s punishments;

d) Lessen the compensation level and amend the rulings on the handling of evidences;

dd) Commute a punishment to a less harsh one;

e) Sustain or alleviate a jail sentence and grant a suspended sentence.

2. At the requests by the Procuracy or crime victims, the Trial panel of the appellate court can:

a) Aggravate punishments and implement articles and sections of the Criminal Code on harsher crimes; pass additional punishments and implement judicial remedies;

b) Increase the compensation level;

c) Replace existing punishments with harsher ones;

d) Nullify suspended sentence.

The trial panel, if acquiring sufficient justifications, can mitigate punishments and implement articles and sections of the Criminal Code on lesser crimes, commute existing punishments to less harsher ones, sustain and suspend jail sentence and reduce the compensation level.

3. The trail panel of the appellate court, if possessing satisfactory grounds, can alter the first-instance court’s judgments, as per Section 1 of this Article, for the defendants filing or facing no appeal.

Article 358. Annulment of the first-instance court’s judgments for re-investigation or retrial

1. The trial panel of the appellate court shall annul the first-instance court’s judgments in the following events:

a) There are grounds demonstrating the first-instance court’s omission of crimes or criminals or the demand for charges and investigation into crimes harsher than those defined in the first-instance court's judgments;

b) The appellate court cannot fulfill the incomplete investigation activities at first instance;

c) Legal proceedings during the stage of investigation or prosecution have constituted serious violations.

2. The trial panel of the appellate court shall annul the first-instance court’s judgments to re-try the case at first instance with a new Trial panel in these events:

a) The composition of the Trial panel of the first-instance court does not abide by this Law;

c) Legal proceedings during the stage of adjudication at first instance have constituted serious violations;

c) The first-instance court issued a verdict of not guilty in favor of a person, who is found to commit crimes through substantial grounds;

d) Grant unjustified exemption of criminal liability, punishment or judicial remedy in favor of the defendant;

dd) Though the first-instance court committed serious errors in the implementation of laws for its passing of judgments, Article 357 of this Law is not applicable for the appellate Trial panel to alter the judgments.

3. The trial panel of the appellate court, when annulling the first-instance court's judgments for re-investigation or retrial, must specify reasons for such invalidation of judgments.

4. The appellate trial panel, when annulling the first-instance court’s judgments for retrial, shall not set, in advance, evidences for the first-instance court to approve or reject or applicable points, sections and articles of the Criminal Code or punishments against the defendants.

5. When the first-instance court's judgments are annulled for re-investigation or retrial but the time limit for the detention of the defendant expires, the appellate Trial panel shall, if finding the need of keeping such defendant in detention, issue a decision to continue the temporary detainment of the defendant until the Procurator or the first-instance court re-handles the case.

In 15 days upon the annulment of the first-instance court's judgments, the case shall be sent to the Procuracy or the first-instance court for general proceedings as per this Law.

Article 359. Annulment of the first-instance court’s judgment and dismissal of the case

1. If one of the justifications as defined in Section 1 and Section 2, Article 157 of this Law exists, the appellate Trial panel shall nullify the first-instance court's judgments, declare the defendant not guilty and dismiss the case.

2. If one of the justifications as defined in Section 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, Article 157 of this Law exists, the appellate Trial panel shall nullify the first-instance court's judgments and dismiss the case.

Article 360. Re-investigation or retrial of criminal cases

1. After the appellate Trial panel annuls the first-instance court’s judgments for re-investigation, the Investigation authorities, Procuracy and first-instance Court shall be empowered to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate the case again according to this Law.

2. After the appellate Trial panel annuls the first-instance court’s judgments for retrial, the first-instance Court shall be empowered to rehear the case according to this Law.

Article 361. The appellate trial panel’s jurisdiction over the first-instance court’s rulings

1. The appellate trial panel shall have the rights to:

a) Reject appeals and sustain the first-instance Court’s rulings that are deemed justified and conformable to the laws;

b) Alter the first-instance Court’s rulings;

c) Annul the first-instance Court’s rulings and transfer the case to the first-instance court for further settlement of the case.

2. The appellate court’s rulings shall come into force when pronounced.

Article 362. Appellate procedure against the first-instance court’s rulings

1. The appellate Trial panel, when reviewing the first-instance court’s rulings being appealed, must summon to the meeting session the appellant, defense counsels, protectors of litigants’ legitimate rights and benefits, and individuals having interests and duties related to the appeal. The appellate Trial panel, despite the absence of such people, shall hold the meeting session.

2. In 15 days upon the acceptance of the case, the Court must hold the meeting session to examine the first-instance court's rulings being appealed.

In 10 days upon the decision to hold the meeting session, the appellate Trial panel must start the meeting session. The court, in 02 days upon issuing the decision to hold the meeting session, must send the case file and such decision to the equivalent Procuracy.  The procuracy, in 05 days upon receiving the case file, must send the file back to the Court.

3. In the meeting session, a member of the appellate Trial panel shall briefly present the first-instance court's rulings, the details of the appeal and accompanying evidences, documents and items (if any).

The procurator of the equivalent Procuracy must attend the meeting session and express the Procuracy's opinions on the settlement of the appeal prior to the appellate Trial panel's issuance of its rulings.

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