Chương VI Bộ luật Tố tụng hình sự 2015: Chứng minh và chứng cứ

Chapter VI

ATTESTATION AND EVIDENCE

Article 85. Attestation in criminal lawsuits

Competent procedural authorities, when investing, prosecuting and hearing criminal lawsuits must attest:

1. The existence of the crime, time, space and facts of the crime;

2. The perpetrator of the crime; the presence of guilt, intentional or unintentional acts; the existence of criminal capacity; purposes and motive of the crime;

3. Facts aggravating and mitigating criminal liabilities of suspects, defendants and identity traits of suspects and defendants;

4. Nature and severity of damages caused by the crime;

5. Reasons and conditions leading to the crime;

6. Other facts in connection with the exclusion or exemption of criminal liabilities and impunity.

Article 86. Evidences

Evidences are de facto and collected as per the sequence and formalities defined by this Law. Evidences are grounds for the determination of a crime, perpetrators of such crime and other valuable facts for the settlement of the case.

Article 87. Sources of evidences

1. Evidences are collected and determined from these sources:

a) Exhibits;

b) Statements, presentations;

c) Electronic data;

d) Findings of expert examination and valuation;

dd) Records of legal proceedings, investigation, prosecution, adjudication, sentence enforcement;

e) Results of judicial delegation and other international cooperations;

g) Other documents and items.

2. Palpable things not collected as per the sequence and formalities as per this Law bear no legal effect and are not evidences for the settlement of criminal lawsuits.

Article 88. Collection of evidences

1. Competent procedural authorities, to collect evidences, are entitled to perform activities of evidence collection as per this Law, and to request other authorities and entities to provide evidences, documents, items, electronic data and facts that solve the case.

2. Defense counsels, to collect evidences, are entitled to meet persons whom they defend, crime victims, witness testifiers and other individuals knowledgeable about the case to put questions and hear such persons’ stories related to the case; to request authorities and entities to provide documents, items and electronic data for pleading.

3. Other participants in legal proceedings, authorities and entities can provide evidences, documents, items, electronic data and relate matters of the case.

4. Competent procedural authorities, when receiving evidences, documents, items and electronic data related to the case from individuals as stated in Point 2 and Point 3 of this Article, shall make written records of submission, verify and assess such as per this Law.

5. In 05 days’ time upon making written records of investigative activities, collecting and receiving documents on the case, which procurators do not directly administer according to this Law, investigation authorities and units assigned to investigate are responsible for transferring such records and documents to the Procurarcy for the latter’s administration of the establishment of case files.  Such deadline may be extended for at most 15 days in case of objective obstacles. In 03 days' time, the Procuracy affixes seal on records and documents for administration and have them archived and transferred to investigation authorities and units assigned to investigate. The delivery of records and documents are executed in writing according to Article 133 of this Law.

Article 89. Evident materials

Exhibits include tools and means of crimes, objects with criminal traces, criminals' targets, money or other items as satisfactory evidences of crimes and malefactors or of significance to the settlement of cases.

Article 90. Preservation of exhibits

1. Exhibits must be preserved intact and protected from loss, disorder and deterioration. Exhibits are preserved as follows:

a) Sealing of exhibits that must be stored in sealed containers shall be done upon the acquisition of such items.  Sealing and removal of seal are executed in writing and inputted in case files. Sealing and removal of seal on exhibits abide by the government's regulations;

b) Exhibits including money, gold, silver, precious metals, precious stones, antiques, explosives, inflammables, toxic, radioactive substances and military arms must undergo expert examination upon the acquisition of such items and must be subsequently transferred in prompt manner to the State Treasury or specialized units for storage. If exhibits are money, gold, silver, precious metals, precious stones and antiques with criminal traces, they shall be put in sealed containers as per Point a of this Section. If exhibits are harmful bacteria, body parts, tissue samples, blood samples and other samples from human body, they shall be preserved at specialized authorities according to the laws.

c) If exhibits cannot be transported to competent procedural authorities for preservation, competent procedural authorities shall give them to lawful owners or managers of such items or to their kindred or to local authorities or organizations adjacent to the said exhibits;

d) If exhibits are susceptible to damage or subject to difficult process of preservation, competent authorities within their powers shall sanction the sale of such items as per the laws and transfer earnings to a temporary account of a competent authority in the State Treasury for management;

dd) If exhibits are preserved by competent procedural authorities, the units in people's police force, People’s Army force and other units assigned to investigate are responsible for preserving such exhibits during the stage of investigation and prosecution while authorities for civil sentence enforcement are liable for preserving them during the stage of adjudication and sentence enforcement.

2. If individuals liable for preserving exhibits brook damage, loss, breakage of seal, consumption, illegal use, transfer, swap, concealment or destruction of such exhibits, disciplinary penalties or criminal prosecution shall be imposed according to the nature and severity of violations as per the laws.

If exhibits are inserted, dwindled, modified, swapped, disposed or broken to falsify case files, criminal liabilities shall be imposed. Amends for damage of exhibits are mandatory as per the laws.

Article 91. Deposition by witness testifiers

1. Witness testifiers depose their knowledge of the crimes, cases, kin and their relationship with accused persons or aggrieved, other witness testifiers and respond to questions.

2. If witness testifiers state facts whose origin cannot be clarified, such facts shall not become evidence.

Article 92. Deposition by crime victims

1. Crime victims depose the facts on the crimes, cases, their relationship with accused persons and respond to inquiries.

2. If circumstances leading to crime victims’ knowledge of certain facts cannot be clarified, such facts shall not be deemed as evidence.

Article 93. Deposition by civil plaintiffs and civil defendants

1. Civil plaintiffs and civil defendants state facts on amends for damage caused by crimes.

2. If civil plaintiffs or civil defendants fail to clarify situations leading to their knowledge of certain facts, such facts shall not be considered as evidence.

Article 94. Deposition by individuals having interests and duties related to the lawsuit

1. Individuals having duties and interests in connection with the lawsuit state facts directly related to their duties and benefits.

2. If such individuals fail to explain the origin of their acquisition of certain facts, such facts shall not be qualified as evidence.

Article 95. Deposition by emergency detainees, accused persons or facing requisitions for charges, offenders confessing or surrendering, arrestees and temporary detainees

Emergency detainees, accused persons and facing requisitions for charges, offenders confessing and surrendering, arrestees and temporary detainees state facts directly related to their alleged acts of crime.

Article 96. Statements by denouncers and informants

Denouncers and informants state facts related to their denunciation and information of the crimes.

Article 97. Deposition by witnesses

Witnesses state facts that they perceive from legal proceedings.

Article 98. Deposition by suspects and defendants

1. Suspects and defendants state facts of the cases.

2. The admission of crimes by suspects or defendants, if matching other evidences, shall be valid evidence.

The admission of crimes by suspects or defendants shall not be the sole evidence for conviction.

Article 99. Electronic data

1. Electronic data is composed of signals, letters, numbers, images, sound or similar elements created, stored and transmitted or acquired through electronic media.

2. Electronic data is collected through electronic media, computer networks, telecommunication networks, transmission lines and other electronic sources.

3. Electronic data constitutes evident values according to the methods of its creation, storage or transmission; the methods for assurance and maintenance of the entirety of electronic data; and the methods for identifying creators and other proper factors.

Article 100. Results of expert examination

1. Results of a expert examination are produced by entities conducting such examination in writing to give final professional findings on matters examined as per requisition or petition.

2. Authorities and entities are held liable for conclusions they have made regarding matters examined as per requisition or petition.

If a team of expert witnesses carry out a expert examination, all of its members shall affix signatures on the final report. Each person, if providing different opinions, shall have their findings presented in the final report.

3. If competent procedural authorities disagree with the results of a expert examination, their reasons must be specified. If results are found unclear or inadequate, expert examinations shall be furthered or repeated according to this Law.

4. Findings given by expert witnesses who must decline to perform examinations or submit to replacement shall be deemed null and invalid for the settlement of the case.

Article 101. Results of valuation

1. Results of valuation are produced by the Panel of valuation in writing to conclude values of property as per requests.

The Panel of valuation is held liable for its findings on property values.

2. All members of the Panel of valuation must affix signatures on the written conclusion of valuation. A member of the Panel, if debating property values determined by the Panel, shall present his findings in the final report.

3. If competent procedural authorities disagree with the findings on valuation, their reasons must be specified. If findings are found obscure, valuation process shall be repeated according to this Law.

4. If findings from the Panel of valuation violate this Law or other laws, they shall be invalid and not usable for the settlement of the case.

Article 102. Records of inspection and verification of criminal information, charges, investigations, prosecution, adjudication

The facts on inspection and verification of criminal information, charges, investigations, prosecution and adjudication, which are established and recorded in writing according to this Law, shall be evidences.

Article 103. Results of legal delegation and international cooperation

The results of legal delegation and international cooperation from competent foreign authorities, if matching other evidences, shall become evidences.

Article 104. Other documents and items in the case

Case facts available in documents and items from authorities and entities may become evidences. If such documents and items possess traits as defined in Article 89 of this Law, they shall be exhibits.

Article 105. Acquisition of exhibits

Exhibits must be acquired promptly and fully and their actual conditions must be described precisely in writing and in case files. If exhibits cannot be put in case files, they shall be photographed and recorded by camcorder to be stored in case files. Exhibits must be sealed or preserved as per the laws.

Article 106. Handling of exhibits

1. Investigation authorities and units assigned to investigate make decisions on the handling of exhibits if the case is dismissed at the stage of investigation. The procuracy decides the handling of exhibits if the case is dismissed at the stage of prosecution. The court president governs the handling of exhibits if the case if dismissed at the preliminary stage of adjudication. The Trial panel make decisions on the handling of exhibits if the case is heard.

The enforcement of decisions on the handling of exhibits must be executed in writing.

2. Exhibits are handled as follows:

a) Exhibits including tools or means of crime, objects prohibited from storage and trading shall be seized, confiscated into the state budget or disposed;  

b) Exhibits including money or property gained through criminal acts shall be seized and confiscated into the state budget.

c) Exhibits that are not valuable and usable shall be seized and disposed.

3. During the processes of investigation, prosecution and adjudication, the competent authorities and individuals as stated in Section 1 are entitled to

a) Return property seized and detained but not deemed as evidences to legitimate owners or managers of such in promptly manner;

b) Return evidences to legitimate owners or managers if such return is deemed not to affect the settlement of the case and the enforcement of sentences;

c) Evidences susceptible to damage or subject to strenuous preservation may be sold as per the laws. If they are not salable, disposal shall occur;

d) Evidences including wild animals and exotic plants shall be handled by competent specialized control units immediately after the release of findings of expert examinations as per the laws.

4. If disputes over the ownership of exhibits exist, the settlement of such shall be governed by the Civil procedure code.

Article 107. Acquisition of electronic means and data

1. Electronic media must be obtained promptly and fully, described precisely by actual conditions and sealed upon acquisition. Sealing and unsealing shall abide by the laws.

If electronic data storing means cannot be seized, competent procedural authorities shall copy electronic data into another electronic medium for storage of evidence. Moreover, relevant authorities and entities shall be requested to store and preserve the entirety of electronic data that competent procedural authorities have copied, and assume legal liabilities for storage and preservation of such data.

2. Competent procedural authorities, when attaining, intercepting and copying electronic data from electronic media, computer networks or transmission lines, must execute written records for case files.

3. Upon receiving competent procedural authorities’ requisition for expert examination, entities deemed responsible shall restore, search and examine electronic data.

4. Only copies of electronic data shall be restored, sought and examined. Results from restoration, search and expert examination must be converted to readable, audible or visible formats.

5. Electronic media and data are preserved as evidences according to this Law. Electronic data, when displayed as evidences, must come with its storage means or copies.

Article 108. Inspection and evaluation of evidences

1. Each evidence must be inspected and evaluated to verify its validity, authenticity and connection with the case. The verification of evidences acquired must be adequate to settle criminal cases.

2. Authorized procedural persons within their powers and duties must inspect and evaluate all evidences of the case in fully, unbiased and thorough manners.

Bài viết liên quan

Toàn bộ giấy tờ để quyết toán thuế thu nhập cá nhân

Toàn bộ giấy tờ để quyết toán thuế thu nhập cá nhân

Hồ sơ quyết toán thuế thu nhập cá nhân (TNCN) đối với thu nhập từ tiền lương, tiền công là tập hợp các giấy tờ, chứng từ cần thiết để người lao động kê khai và nộp thuế TNCN hàng năm. Việc hoàn thành hồ sơ này đúng quy định giúp đảm bảo quyền lợi của người nộp thuế và tuân thủ pháp luật thuế. 17/11/2024

Lương thử việc có đóng thuế thu nhập cá nhân không?

Lương thử việc có đóng thuế thu nhập cá nhân không?

Thời gian thử việc là giai đoạn quan trọng để bạn khám phá công việc và thể hiện năng lực. Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh những vấn đề liên quan đến công việc, bạn cũng quan tâm đến các vấn đề liên quan đến thu nhập và thuế. Vậy lương thử việc có phải đóng thuế thu nhập cá nhân không? Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn những thông tin cần thiết. 17/11/2024

Mức đóng thuế môn bài hiện nay là bao nhiêu?

Mức đóng thuế môn bài hiện nay là bao nhiêu?

Trong bối cảnh hoạt động kinh doanh ngày càng phát triển, việc nắm rõ các loại thuế mà doanh nghiệp phải nộp là vô cùng quan trọng. Thuế môn bài, một loại thuế trực tiếp liên quan đến quy mô hoạt động của doanh nghiệp, đang thu hút sự quan tâm của nhiều người. Vậy mức đóng thuế môn bài hiện nay như thế nào? Các yếu tố nào ảnh hưởng đến mức thuế này? Cùng tìm hiểu qua bài viết dưới đây. 17/11/2024

Hạn nộp tờ khai thuế trùng ngày nghỉ thì xử lý như thế nào?

Hạn nộp tờ khai thuế trùng ngày nghỉ thì xử lý như thế nào?

Việc nộp tờ khai thuế đúng hạn là nghĩa vụ của mọi doanh nghiệp và cá nhân. Tuy nhiên, trong quá trình thực hiện, nhiều người thường gặp phải trường hợp hạn nộp tờ khai thuế trùng vào ngày nghỉ. Vậy khi gặp phải tình huống này, chúng ta nên xử lý như thế nào? Bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn giải đáp thắc mắc trên. 16/11/2024

Doanh nghiệp nợ thuế bao nhiêu thì bị cấm xuất cảnh? Thời hạn cấm xuất cảnh là bao lâu?

Doanh nghiệp nợ thuế bao nhiêu thì bị cấm xuất cảnh? Thời hạn cấm xuất cảnh là bao lâu?

Nợ thuế là một vấn đề nghiêm trọng không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến hoạt động kinh doanh mà còn có thể dẫn đến các hạn chế về quyền cá nhân, đặc biệt là việc bị cấm xuất cảnh. Vậy doanh nghiệp nợ thuế bao nhiêu thì sẽ bị cấm xuất cảnh? Thời hạn cấm xuất cảnh là bao lâu? Bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn giải đáp những thắc mắc trên. 16/11/2024

Khấu trừ thuế thu nhập cá nhân là gì? Mức khấu trừ là bao nhiêu?

Khấu trừ thuế thu nhập cá nhân là gì? Mức khấu trừ là bao nhiêu?

Thu nhập tăng đồng nghĩa với việc nghĩa vụ thuế cũng tăng theo. Trong bối cảnh thu nhập của người dân ngày càng cải thiện, việc hiểu rõ về khấu trừ thuế thu nhập cá nhân trở nên quan trọng hơn bao giờ hết. Vậy, khấu trừ thuế thu nhập cá nhân là gì? Mức khấu trừ là bao nhiêu? Và tại sao chúng ta cần quan tâm đến vấn đề này? Bài viết dưới đây sẽ giúp bạn giải đáp những thắc mắc trên. 16/11/2024

Hướng dẫn cách tính thuế TNCN khi chuyển nhượng vốn góp trong công ty TNHH MTV

Hướng dẫn cách tính thuế TNCN khi chuyển nhượng vốn góp trong công ty TNHH MTV

Chuyển nhượng vốn góp trong công ty TNHH một thành viên (MTV) là một hoạt động kinh tế phổ biến. Tuy nhiên, việc tính toán và nộp thuế thu nhập cá nhân (TNCN) đối với hoạt động này lại khiến không ít người băn khoăn. Vậy, cách tính thuế TNCN khi chuyển nhượng vốn góp trong công ty TNHH MTV như thế nào? Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp những thông tin chi tiết và hướng dẫn cụ thể để giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về vấn đề này. 15/11/2024

Thời hạn quyết toán thuế TNCN là khi nào?

Thời hạn quyết toán thuế TNCN là khi nào?

Mỗi năm đến cuối năm, một trong những câu hỏi được nhiều người quan tâm nhất là. "Thời hạn quyết toán thuế TNCN là khi nào?". Việc nắm rõ thời hạn này giúp bạn chủ động hoàn thành nghĩa vụ thuế và tránh những rắc rối không đáng có. Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn thông tin chi tiết về vấn đề này. 15/11/2024

Quy định về tạm nộp thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp mới nhất

Quy định về tạm nộp thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp mới nhất

Thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp là một trong những khoản thuế chính mà doanh nghiệp phải nộp. Để đảm bảo hoạt động kinh doanh diễn ra thuận lợi và tránh những rủi ro pháp lý, việc hiểu rõ quy định về tạm nộp thuế TNDN là vô cùng quan trọng. Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn những thông tin chi tiết nhất về quy định mới nhất về tạm nộp thuế TNDN, giúp doanh nghiệp của bạn tuân thủ đúng pháp luật. 12/11/2024

Trường hợp hóa đơn đầu vào kê khai muộn và những điểm cần lưu ý

Trường hợp hóa đơn đầu vào kê khai muộn và những điểm cần lưu ý

Kê khai hóa đơn đầu vào muộn là một tình huống khá phổ biến trong hoạt động kinh doanh. Dù có nhiều lý do dẫn đến việc này, nhưng việc không kê khai đúng hạn sẽ ảnh hưởng đến quyền lợi của doanh nghiệp, đặc biệt là quyền được khấu trừ thuế giá trị gia tăng (GTGT). 10/11/2024