Ngữ pháp Tiếng 10 Unit 9 (Global success): Protecting The Environment

Ngữ pháp Tiếng 10 Unit 9 (Global success): Protecting The Environment

Reported speech (Lời nói gián tiếp)

1. Định nghĩa

- Câu trực tiếp: Câu trực tiếp là lời nói xuất phát trực tiếp từ người nói và thường được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.

Ví dụ: "I am hungry", Bob said.

- Câu gián tiếp: Câu gián tiếp hay còn gọi là câu tường thuật là thuật lại lời nói của người khác, không thuật lại đầy đủ các từ ngữ nhưng ý nghĩa vẫn giữ nguyên và không nằm trong dấu ngoặc kép.

Ví dụ: Bob said he was very hungry.

2. Cách biến đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp (câu tường thuật)

a. Những thay đổi về thì của động từ

Thì ở câu trực tiếp	Thì ở câu gián tiếp
Hiện tại đơn	Quá khứ đơn
Hiện tại tiếp diễn	Quá khứ tiếp diễn
Hiện tại hoàn thành	Quá khứ hoàn thành
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn	Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Quá khứ đơn	Quá khứ hoàn thành
Quá khứ tiếp diễn	Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Quá khứ hoàn thành	Quá khứ hoàn thành
Tương lai đơn (will)	Tương lai ở quá khứ (would)

Ngoài ra, còn có một số thay đổi với các động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verbs)

Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
Can	Could
Must/ have to	Had to
May	Might
Will	Would
Shall/ Should	Should
Needn’t	Didn’t have to

b. Chuyển trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian theo quy luật

Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
This Ex: “I want to buy this pen.”	That She said she wanted to buy that pen.
These Ex: “I want to buy these pens.”	Those She said she wanted to buy those pens.
Here Ex: “I want to sit here.”	There Ex: She said she wanted to sit there.
Now Ex: “I am sitting in front of TV now.”	Then She said she was waiting in front of TV then.
Today Ex: “Today I have a test”	That day She said she had a test that day.
Yesterday Ex: “I had a test yesterday.”	The day before/ The previous day. She said she had a test the day before.
Tomorrow Ex: “I’ll have a test tomorrow.”	The next day/ The following day. She said she would have a test the next day.
Ago Ex: “I had a test 2 days ago.”	Before She said she had had a test 2 days before.
Last night Ex: “I watched TV with my mother last night.”	The night before/ The previous night. She said she had watched TV with her mother the night before.
Next week Ex: “I will go on a picnic next week.”	The following week/ The week after. She said she would go on a picnic the following week.
The day before yesterday Ex: “I had a test the day before yesterday.”	Two days before/ earlier She said she had had a test 2 days before.

c. Thay đổi đại từ

- Đại từ nhân xưng:

Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
I	He/ she
We/ you	They
You (nếu là chủ ngữ)	They/ I/ he/ she
Me	Him/ her
Us	Them
You (nếu là tân ngữ)	Them/ me/ him/ her

- Đại từ sở hữu:

Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
My	His/ her
Our	Their
Your	Their/ my/ his/ her
Mine	His/ hers
Ours	Theirs
Yours	Theirs/ mine/ his/ hers

- Đại từ this/ that, these/ those

+ “This, that” có thể đổi thành “it”

+ “These, those” có thể đổi thành “that/ them”

Ví dụ: Mary said: “This is the first time I’ve broken my arm.”

→ Mary said that it was the first time she had broken her arm.

3. Tường thuật câu kể (Statements)

S1 + say(s)/ said (that)+ S2 + verb

S1 + tell(s)/ told + O + (that) + S2 + verb

Ví dụ: “I feel really fed up with my job.” said Susan.

→ Susan said that she felt really fed up with her job.

→ Susan told me that she felt really fed up with her job.

4. Tường thuật câu hỏi

* Câu hỏi Yes/No: S + asked/ wanted to know/ wondered + if/ weather + S + V

- Thêm If/ Whether để mở đầu cho mệnh đề tường thuật.

- Trật từ câu hỏi (động từ trước chủ ngữ) chuyển thành trật tự câu kể (chủ ngữ + động từ). Bỏ do/does/did nếu có, đổi thì của động từ trong mệnh đề tường thuật lùi về quá khứ một thì và thay đổi các yếu tố khác như địa từ, sở hữu, tân ngữ, các từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn,…

Ví dụ: “Are you angry?” he asked. → He asked if/whether I was angry.

*Wh-questions (Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi: what, where, when, how…)

S + asked (+O)/ wanted to know/ wondered + what/ who/…. + S + V

- Không dùng If/ Whether mà dùng lại các từ để hỏi sẵn có (what/ where/ when,…) để mở đầu cho mệnh đề tường thuật.

- Các biến đổi khác thực hiện giống như khi tường thuật câu hỏi Yes/No

Ví dụ: “What are you talking about?” said the teacher.

→ The teacher asked us what we were talking about.

Bài tập vận dụng

Exercise 1: Chuyển các câu sau về dạng câu trần thuật

1. “If the weather is fine, I will go on a picnic with my friends,” she said.

..............................................................................

2. “What would you do if you had three days off ?” I asked him.

..............................................................................

3. “I would have come to see you if I had known your address, Jim” she said.

.................................................................................

4. “I’m sure she will help you if you ask her.” , he told me.

...............................................................................

5. “If Today were Sunday, we wouldn’t go to school.” They said to me.

................................................................................

6. She said to me, “If I were you, I wouldn’t tell her about this.”

...................................................................................

7. “There would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came.”, they said.

..................................................................................

8. “You will be surprised if you meet him.” , Peter said to Linda.

.................................................................................

9.The boy said : “I won’t be strong if I don’t swim everyday.”

.................................................................................

10. “What would you do if you saw a snake ?” Nam asked Nga.

..................................................................................

11. “We’ll have lunch outside in the garden if it’s not cold.” ,Mr John said.

..................................................................................

12. “Tom would win more races if he trained hard.” , The man said.

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13. “If you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.” David said to me.

.....................................................................................

14. “If you isn’t eating so much junk food, you would be a lot fitter.” Mother said.

......................................................................................

15. “I will be surprised if Mary doesn’t pass the exam.” , our teacher said.

......................................................................................

16. “If I knew her hobbies, I could let you know.” He said to me.

......................................................................................

17. “If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.” , the man said.

....................................................................................

18. “If you had listened to my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a big mistakes.”

Julia said to LiLi.

.....................................................................................

Đáp án

1. She said if the weather was fine, she would go on a picnic with her friends.

2. I asked him what he would do if he had (had) three days off.

3. She told Jim that she would have come if she had known his address.

4. He told me that he was sure she would help if I asked her.

5. They told me if that day were Sunday, they wouldn't go to school

6. She told me that if she were me, she wouldn't tell her about that 

7 . They said that there wouldn’t be enough seats if a lot of guests came.

8. Peter told Linda that she would be surprised if she met him.

9. The boy said that he would not be strong if he did not swim everyday.

10. Nam asked Nga what she would do if she saw a snake.

11. Mr John said that they would have lunch outside in the garden if it was not cold.

12. The man said Tom would win more races if he trained hard.

13. David told me to phone him that night if I felt like a chat.

14. My mother told me that I would be a lot fitter if I was not eating so much junk food.

15. Our teacher said that she would be surprised of Mary did not pass the exam.

16. He told me that if he knew her hobbies, he could let me know.

17. The man said that he would buy a new car if he won the lottery.

18. Julia told LilLi that she would not have made such a big mistake if she had listened to Julia’s advice.

Exercise 2: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất.

1. Jack asked me _____.

A. where do you come from?

B. where I came from  

C. where I came from

D. where did I come from?

2. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.

 A.when

B.what

C.if

D.x

3. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.

A.told

B.tell

C. have told

D. are telling

4. I wanted to know_____ return home.

A. when would she

B. when will she

C. when she will

D. when she would

5. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.

A. owns

B. owned

C. owning

D. A and B

6. What did that man say ______?

A. at you

B. for you

C. to you

D. you

7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.

A. is

B. were

C. has been

D. was

8. The builders have ______ that everything will be ready on time.

A. promised

B. promise

C. promises               

D. promising

9. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.

A. told         

B. tell               

C. have told           

D. are telling

10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the ______ week.

A. ago       

B. following             

C. next               

D. previous

11.  Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up.

A. asked         

B. is asking             

C. ask               

D. was asked

12. Tom has ______ this story wasn’t completely true.

A. admitting that       

B. was admitted that           

C. admitted that                 

D. admit that

13. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ______ day.

A. that           

B. the             

C. then                 

D. this

14. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.

A. what           

B. when           

C. where             

D. whether

15. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.

A.  has reminded       B. has reminded that         

C. reminded             

D. reminded that

16. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.

A. are         

B. were             

C. was               

D. should be

17. Ann ______ and left.

A.  said goodbye to me 

B. says goodbye to me       

C. tell me goodbye     

D. told me goodbye

18. I told you ______ switch off the computer, didn’t I ?

A. don’t           

B. not           

C. not to             

D. to not

19. Bill was slow, so I ________ hurry up.

A. tell him         

B. told him for               

C. told to       

D. told him to

20. Sarah was driving to fast, so I ______ to slow down.

A. asked her         

B. asked               

C. ask           

D.have asked her

Đáp án

1. C

2. C

3. A

4. D

5. D

6. C

7. D

8. A

9. A

10. D

11. A

12. C

13. A

14. D

15. C

16. B

17. A

18. C

19. D

20. A

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