Tìm giới hạn của các dãy số có số hạng tổng quát cho bởi công thức sau:

a) \({u_n} = \frac{{{n^2}}}{{3{n^2} + 7n - 2}}\);

b) \({v_n} = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^n {\frac{{{3^k} + {5^k}}}{{{6^k}}}} \);

c) \[{{\rm{w}}_n} = \frac{{\sin \,n}}{{4n}}\].

Lời giải:

a) \({u_n} = \frac{{{n^2}}}{{3{n^2} + 7n - 2}}\)

Ta có: \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } {u_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{{{n^2}}}{{3{n^2} + 7n - 2}}\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{{{n^2}}}{{{n^2}\left( {3 + \frac{7}{n} - \frac{2}{{{n^2}}}} \right)}}\)

\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{1}{{3 + \frac{7}{n} - \frac{2}{{{n^2}}}}} = \frac{1}{3}\).

b) \({v_n} = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^n {\frac{{{3^k} + {5^k}}}{{{6^k}}}} \)\( = \frac{{{3^0} + {5^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{3^1} + {5^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + \frac{{{3^2} + {5^2}}}{{{6^2}}} + ... + \frac{{{3^n} + {5^n}}}{{{6^n}}}\)

\( = \left( {\frac{{{3^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{5^0}}}{{{6^0}}}} \right) + \left( {\frac{{{3^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + \frac{{{5^1}}}{{{6^1}}}} \right) + \left( {\frac{{{3^2}}}{{{6^2}}} + \frac{{{5^2}}}{{{6^2}}}} \right) + ... + \left( {\frac{{{3^n}}}{{{6^n}}} + \frac{{{5^n}}}{{{6^n}}}} \right)\)

\( = \left( {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^0} + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^0}} \right) + \left( {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^1} + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^1}} \right) + \left( {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^2}} \right) + ... + \left( {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n} + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right)\)

\( = \left[ {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^0} + {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^1} + {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^2} + ... + {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}} \right] + \left[ {{{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^0} + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^1} + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^2} + ... + {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right]\)

Vì \({\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^1} + {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^2} + ... + {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n}\) là tổng n số hạng đầu của cấp số nhân với số hạng đầu là \({\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^1} = \frac{1}{2}\) và công bội là \(\frac{1}{2}\) nên

 \({\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^0} + {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^1} + {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^2} + ... + {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n} = {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^0} + \frac{{\frac{1}{2}\left( {1 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}} \right)}}{{1 - \frac{1}{2}}}\)\( = 1 + \left( {1 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}} \right) = 2 - {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n}\).

Tương tự, ta tính được:

\({\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^0} + {\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^1} + {\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^2} + ... + {\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^n} = {\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^0} + \frac{{\frac{5}{6}\left( {1 - {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right)}}{{1 - \frac{5}{6}}}\)\( = 1 + 5\left( {1 - {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right) = 6 - 5 \cdot {\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^n}\).

Do đó, \({v_n} = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^n {\frac{{{3^k} + {5^k}}}{{{6^k}}}} \) \( = \left[ {2 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}} \right] + \left[ {6 - 5 \cdot {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right]\) \( = 8 - {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n} - 5 \cdot {\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^n}\).

Vậy \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } {v_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left( {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^n {\frac{{{3^k} + {5^k}}}{{{6^k}}}} } \right)\)\( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \left[ {8 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n} - 5 \cdot {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right]\) = 8.

c) \[{{\rm{w}}_n} = \frac{{\sin \,n}}{{4n}}\]

Ta có: \[\left| {{{\rm{w}}_n}} \right| = \left| {\frac{{\sin \,n}}{{4n}}} \right| \le \frac{1}{{4n}} < \frac{1}{n}\] và \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{1}{n} = 0\).

Do đó, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } {{\rm{w}}_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \frac{{\sin \,n}}{{4n}} = 0\).