Chương 16 Luật hàng hải 1990: Hợp đồng bảo hiểm hàng hải

Chapter XVI

CONTRACT OF MARINE INSURANCE

Section A: GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 200

1. A contract of marine insurance is a contract signed between the insurer and the assured whereby the insurer undertakes against an insurance premium paid by the assured to indemnify the latter, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, for losses incurred by perils to which the subject of insurance is exposed.

2. A contract of marine insurance may be extended so as to cover perils to which, in connection with the carriage by sea, the subject of insurance is exposed in the carriage by air, in inland waters or on land in combined transport.

3. The contract of marine insurance should be done in writing.

Article 201

1. A subject of marine insurance may be every property interest incident to the maritime shipping activities and appraisable in terms of money, such as any vessel, cargo, freight, passage money for the carriage of passengers, charter-hire, hire and purchase money, expected profit on cargo, commission, general average costs, obligations arising under civil liability and the security for the vessel, cargo or freight.

2. The subject of marine insurance may be a vessel in course of building.

Article 202

1. The insurer may reinsure in respect of insurance concluded by him.

2. The contract of reinsurance is independent with the original contract of insurance.

Article 203

1. On demand of the assured, the insurer is bound to issue to him a marine policy. The policy shall constitute an evidence as to the contract of insurance.

2. Before issuing the policy, the insurer is bound to issue to the assured, on his demand, an insurance certificate stating the conclusion of the contract.

3. The marine policy may be made out to a straight policy, to order or to bearer.

4. The marine policy should contain:

a) The name of the assured, or of some person whose interest being insured;

b) The subject of insurance;

c) The perils insured against;

d) The voyage, or period of time, as the case may be, covered by the insurance;

e) The sum or sums insured;

f) The place, the date and the hour of issue of the policy;

g) The signature and the confirmation of the insurer.

Article 204

1. The assured is obliged to inform the insurer about all circumstances within are known to him or should have been known to him in connection with the conclusion of the contract of insurance, and are of essential significance to the assessment by the insurer relative to the risk, to the decision as to whether the proposal should be accepted or not, and to the terms of the contract, except circumstances which are common knowledge or have been known or should be known to the insurer.

2. The obligation of the assured set out in item 1 of this Article is also applied to his representatives duly authorized by the assured.

3. The obligations set out in this Article is also applicable to a third party where the contract of marine insurance is concluded for the benefit of the third party, unless it is not known to him.

Article 205

1. A contract of marine insurance may be concluded for the benefit of a third party, hereinafter referred to as an insurable interest.

2. The insurable interest is entitled to demand from the insurer delivery of the marine policy. As long as the marine policy remains in possession of the insurable interest, he may dispose of rights originating from the contract.

Obligations of the assured connected with the performance of the contract of marine insurance, except the obligation to pay the insurance premium, pass to the insurable interest at the delivery of the marine policy to him.

Article 206

1. A contract of marine insurance shall invalidate where at the time of its conclusion the peril covered by insurance has already occurred, or where the possibility of its occurring has not existed. The insurer retains, however, the right to a cancellation fee, unless when concluding the contract, he knew of the circumstances causing its invalidity.

2. The amount of the cancellation fee is determined by the contract between the two contracting parties.

Article 207

If the assured commits a breach of his obligation set out in Article 204 of the present Code, the insurer has the right to rescind the contract concluded, retaining the right to the entire insurance premium. When the assured fails to provide information or provides inaccurate information according to the provisions of Article 204 of the present Code, through no fault of his, the insurer has not right to rescind the contract, but to request a reasonable increase of the insurance premium.

Article 208

The assured has the right to rescind the contract of insurance at any time before that the state of peril as covered by the contract has not commenced and he is bound, however, to pay the cancellation fee.

The amount of the cancellation fee and terms of the return of insurance premium are determined by the contract between the contracting parties.

Article 209

Any claim in respect of a contract of marine insurance is barred at the expiration of two years from the date on which the casualty occurs.

Section B: INSURABLE VALUE AND AMOUNT INSURED

Article 210

Insurable value is the real value of the subject of insurance and it is ascertained as follows:

a) The insurable value of the vessel is her value at the commencement of the insurance, including the value of her machinery, equipment, spare parts and stores plus the charges of insurance upon the whole. The insurable value of the vessel includes also, unless otherwise provided by the contract, money advanced for seamens wages and other disbursement incurred to make the ship fit for the voyage.

b) The insurable value of the cargo is its value invoiced at the place of loading or is market value at the place and time of loading plus the charges of insurance and may include the expected profit;

c) The insurable value of the freight is the gross amount of freight plus the charges of insurance. Where the charterers have the freight insured, this amount of freight is included in the insurable value of the cargo for insurance;

d) The insurable value of any other subject of insurance, except obligations arising under civil liability, is the amount of the subject of insurance at the place and time when the insurance attaches, plus the charges of insurance.

Article 211

1. Upon concluding a marine insurance contract, the assured must declare the amount for which the subject of insurance is insured, hereinafter referred to as the insured amount.

2. Where the insured amount as specified in the contract is lower than the insurable value, the insurer is liable for losses in such proportions as the insured amount bears to the insurable valued, including other expenses under the insurance.

3. Where the insured amount as specified in the contract exceeds the insurable value, the marine insurance contract is not valid for the difference.

Article 212

Where the subject of insurance has been insured against the same peril with two or more insurers for the amounts which in aggregate exceed the insurable value, all such insurers are liable only upto the amount of the insurable value, and within limit of that value each of them is liable in proportion to the amount insured as accepted by him. This insurance is called double insurance.

Section C: TRANSFER OF RIGHTS UNDER CONTRACT OF MARINE INSURANCE

Article 213

Rights under a contract of marine insurance may be transferred only to the transferee of the subject of insurance; where these rights have not been transferred to the transferee of the subject of insurance, the contract of insurance is dissolved, which does not relieve the insurer of liability for losses which arose prior to the alienation of the subject of insurance.

Concurrently with the transfer of rights under a contract of insurance to the transferee, the latter assumes the obligations which were incumbent upon the transferor of the subject of insurance, including the obligations related to the defences as the insurer would have been entitled to raise, under the contract of marine insurance, against the transferer.

Article 214

1. The transfer of rights under a contract of marine insurance which was evidenced in a policy is effected parallely with the transfer of the marine policy.

2. The transfer of a marine policy is governed by the provisions on the transfer of a bill of lading.

Article 215

1. Where the subject of insurance is a vessel, the transfer of rights under the contract of marine insurance to the vessels transferee requires the insurers consent.

2. Where at the time of transfer the vessel is on a voyage, the rights under the contract of marine insurance have not been passed to the transferee of the vessel, and the contract of marine insurance remains in force until the vessel has made fast at the first port at which she has called after the transfer.

Section D: FLOATING INSURANCE

Article 216

1. Floating insurance is a package insurance covering the subject of insurance of a kind or some kinds of cargoes which the assured will be dispatched or receiving in a specified period of time.

2. In a floating insurance the insurer is bound to issue, on demand of the assured, a policy is bound to issue, on demand of the assured, a policy or a certificate of insurance for each declared shipment or each declared cargo.

Article 217

1. The assured, who has concluded a contract of floating insurance, is bound to notify to the insurer immediately upon receipt of information concerning the dispatch or receipt of the cargo and to specify each case the name of the vessel, the route, the cargo and the amount insured, even when the notice reached the insurer, the cargo may have been dispatched or have arrived at the destination.

2. Where the assured has willfully or through his gross negligence failed to fulfill the obligation defined in item 1 of this Article, the insurer may rescind the contract, retaining the right to insurance premium to which he would have been entitled had the contract been properly performed by the assured.

Article 218

A contract of floating insurance may be terminated by either party subject to a three-month notice.

Section E: PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT OF MARINE INSURANCE

Article 219

Unless otherwise agreed, the assured is bound to pay the premium to the insurer immediately after the conclusion of the contract or the issue of the marine policy.

Article 220

1. The assured is bound to notify to the insurer every information on very material change of perils to which the subject of insurance is exposed or on accidents concerning the subject of insurance, immediately upon receipt of such information, and to follow the insurers instructions thereof.

2. The insurer has the right to rescind the contract of marine insurance where the assured commits a breach of the provisions set out in item 1 of this Article.

Article 221

1. Where an accident causing loss incidental to the perils insured has occurred, the assured is bound to take all necessary measures available to him for the purpose of averting the loss or lessening its extent as well as to secure indemnity claims against the parties responsible for the loss, when carrying out this obligation, the assured should follow the instruction of the insurer.

2. When the assured wilfully or through gross negligence has not carried out the obligation set forth in this Article, the insurer is free from liability for losses caused thereby.

Article 222

The insurer is bound to refund to the assured all dispensable and reasonable expenses incurred for the purpose of averting the loss or lessening its extent as well as other expenses incurred in accordance with the instruction by the insurer as defined in Article 221 of the present Code, or expenses incurred for ascertaining the character and extent of the loss under the liability of the insurer; and expenses contributed to the general average. These expenses are refunded in such proportion as the amount insured bears to the insurable value.

Article 223

Within limit of the amount insured, the insurer is liable for losses resulting directly from the peril insured and is also bound to refund the expenses as defined in Article 222 of the present Code even though the aggregate amount to be paid to the assured may exceed the insured amount.

Article 224

The insurer is not liable for losses arising from an intentional fault or a gross negligence of the assured, but the insurer is liable for losses caused by negligence or fault of the master who is also insured in navigation and management of the vessel as well as losses caused by fault of another member of the crew, and or the pilot.

Article 225

In the insurance of a vessel and freight, the insurer is not liable for losses arising from:

a) The vessel being not seaworthy at the beginning of the voyage, unless this is due to latent defects of the vessel or caused by circumstances which could not have been prevented in spite of due diligence being exercised by the assured;

b) The vessels age or wear and tear in her use;

c) Loading on board the vessel of explosive or easily inflammable materials or other dangerous cargoes without compliance with provisions obligatorily applicable to the carriage of cargoes of that kind, with the privity of the assured but without the privity of the insurer.

Article 226

In the insurance of cargo, the insurer is not liable for losses arising from:

a) Nature of the cargo;

b) Ordinary leakage, ordinary wear and tear;

c) Improper packing of the cargo;

d) Delay in its supply;

Article 227

Unless otherwise agreed in the contract, the insurer is not liable for losses sustained by the subject of insurance arising from war or military activities of any nature and their consequences; from being condemned to appropriate as prize; from civil commotions, strikes or from confiscation, requisition, seizure or destruction of the vessel or cargo according to military orders, and or orders of civil authorities.

Article 228

The insurer, where his liability has involved in compensation for losses and damages occurred in the event of a collision, a part from his liability to compensate the assured for loses or damages of the subject of insurance, is bound to be responsible for loss of or damage to the third party for which the assured is liable even though the aggregate amount of indemnity exceeds the amount insured.

Article 229

Where the risks insured occur, the insurer may indemnify the assured the total amount insured against the exemption of all responsibilities as agreed in the contract. The insurer, however, must advise the assured of his intention to do so within a period of seven days from the date on which he has received the information from the assured about occurrence of the risks and their consequences. In the case, the insurer is not entitled to the ownership of the subject of insurance where the amount insured is less than the insured value.

In addition to the indemnity of the total amount insured, the insurer is also liable for refunding expenses incurred for the purpose of averting the loss or lessening its extent, as well as repairing and recovering the subject of insurance which the assured had paid before he received the advice from the insurer.

Article 230

1. Unless the contract otherwise provides, the insurer is liable for losses resulting from several successive accidents covered by the insurance, even though the aggregate amount of losses may exceed the amount insured.

2. Where, a total loss of the subject of insurance occurs after a partial damage has already taken place but not yet been made good or compensated the indemnity to the assured shall be limited to his total loss only.

3. The provisions defined in items 1 and 2 of this Article do not relieve the insurer of liability for refunding the expenses in connection with obligations set out in Article 2221 of the present Code.

Section G: PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATION FOR INDEMNITY WHEN A THIRD PARTY IS LIABLE FOR LOSSES

Article 231

Where he has indemnified the assured, the insurer is entitled to recourse against the third party the liability for loss within the amount paid. The insurer exercises his right in accordance with the provisions defined for the assured.

Article 232

1. The assured is bound to provide the insurer with all information, documents as well as proofs and to take necessary measures to enable the insurer to exercise the right to recourse against the third party.

2. Where the assured does not exercise the obligations defined in item 1 of this Article or he is at fault that makes the insurers right to recourse impractical, the insurer is totally exempted from the payment of indemnity or reduced in proportion.

3. If the assured has received the indemnity for losses from the third party, the insurer is bound to pay only the difference between the indemnity amount according to the contract of insurance and the amount of money the assured received from the third party.

Article 233

1. The insurer, on demand of the assured, undertakes to pay the expenses contributed to general average within the amount insured.

2. On establishing the General Average Statement, the assured is bound to pay due attention to the insurers interests.

Section H: ABANDONMENT OF SUBJECT OF INSURANCE

Article 234

1. The assured has the right to declare abandonment of the subject of insurance and surrender to the insurer of his rights and obligations to the subject of insurance against payment of indemnity for total loss where the total loss of the subject of insurance is inevitable, or that averting it would entail expenditure so high in relation to the value of the subject of insurance.

2. The right to abandonment of the subject of insurance may be applicable where the vessel has been missing, condemned to appropriate, or has met with an accident in consequence of which she has become unfit for repairs, or not worth repairing economically or costs of recovery uneconomical.

3. The provision of item 2 of this Article is also applied to cargo, even where the costs of its repair and delivery to the place of destination would exceed its market value at the place of destination.

Article 235

1. The assured should declare the abandonment in writing, stating the circumstances which justify the abandonment.

2. The declaration of abandonment must be given to the insurer in due time, but not later than one hundred and eighty days of the date on which the assured has learned of the circumstances justifying the abandonment, or within sixty days of the date on which the insurance has expired where the vessel or cargo has been taken as prize or where possession of the vessel or cargo has been lost to the assured by other causes. After these periods of time, the assured loses the right to the abandonment but still has the right to demand from the insurer the indemnity for loss.

3. The abandonment of the subject of insurance is not attached any conditions. Where the abandonment has been accepted, neither the insurer nor the assured can change his decision.

Article 236

When declaring the abandonment, the assured is bound to inform the insurer of any real rights encumbering the subject of insurance and of other insurances pertaining to it, as well as of any limitation known to the assured.

Article 237

1. Within the period of thirty days, counting from the date on which he received the declaration of abandonment, the insurer is bound to notify the assured of his acceptance or refusal of the abandonment, the insurer is bound to notify the assured of his acceptance or refusal of the abandonment. The insurer losses the right to refuse to accept the abandonment after the expiration of that period.

2. The rights and obligations to the subject of insurance pass to the insurer on his making the declaration that he accepts the abandonment. The insurer may not demand these rights and obligations.

3. Where the notification of abandonment is done as defined but the insurer refuses the acceptance of abandonment, the assured also retains the right to an insurance indemnity.

Article 238

1. In the case of an actual total loss resulting from the missing of the vessel and cargoes carried on board thereof, the assured may demand from the insurer the indemnity for the total amount insured without declaring the abandonment of the subject of insurance as defined in Article 235 of the present Code.

2. Where the vessel found missing is insured for a definite period of time, the insurer is only liable for the indemnity in case he has last received the information of the vessel before the expiration of the insurance period. The insurer is free from liability where he proves that the vessel has been found missing after the expiry of the insurance period.

Article 239

Where the insurer has paid the indemnity, the vessel then escapes from the peril, he is entitled to demand that the assured continue his ownership of the vessel and refund the indemnity paid after deducting the indemnity paid after deducting the indemnified amount for partial loss of the vessel provided that the partial loss arising directly from the peril insured.

Section I: PAYMENT OF INSURANCE INDEMNITY

Article 240

On payment of insurance indemnity, the insurer may demand that the assured provide him with all relevant information, as also submit to him documents and other proofs indispensable for ascertaining the circumstances of the accident as well as the loss and the extent thereof.

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Điều kiện để giấy vay nợ có hiệu lực là gì?

Điều kiện để giấy vay nợ có hiệu lực là gì?

Giấy vay nợ là một văn bản ghi nhận thỏa thuận vay mượn tiền giữa các bên. Tuy nhiên, không phải bất kỳ tờ giấy nào có nội dung vay mượn cũng có giá trị pháp lý và được pháp luật bảo vệ. Vậy, những điều kiện tiên quyết nào cần đáp ứng để một giấy vay nợ được coi là có hiệu lực theo quy định hiện hành? Bài viết này sẽ đi sâu phân tích các yếu tố quan trọng này. 06/05/2025