Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

All of (A) the mammals, dolphins are undoubtedly (B) among (C) the friendly (D) to human.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Chicago’s Sears Tower, now (A) the tallest building in the world, rises (B) 1,522 feet (C) from the ground to the top of it (D) antenna.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

It was suggested that Pedro studies (A) the material more (B) thoroughly before attempting (C) to pass (D) the exam.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

“What is it?” – “We don’t know until _____ at it under a microscope.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Reports are coming in of a major oil spill in _____ Mediterranean.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Many people feel there’s _____ point in voting, even in a general election.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

It was _____ a victory that even Smith’s fans couldn’t believe it.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

I _____ at the exam paper lying on Mr. Gregson’s desk, but I didn’t want to risk it.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Everyone expects Johnson to _____ Smith in today’s final.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Many lives were saved _____ the introduction of antibiotics.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Thanks to an effective advertising _____ in the 1880s, cigarette smoking became widespread.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Luckily the police decided not to _____ charges, but let him off with a warning.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

If you can lend me your car today, I will _____ the favor next week.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Tom doesn’t talk much to his father but he opens _____ his mother.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

My boss is always _____ at me for unreasonable reasons.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

The City Planning Department proposed that the new highway ___ in the fiscal year 2015.'

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

It’s no use getting _____ him. He won’t change his mind.'

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

Question 22: – “Good morning, could I speak to Mr. David, please?”

– “ _____”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

– “That’s our bus!”; “_____”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

The Yugo was considered one of the safest and most dependable cars on the road in Slovakia, until people started importing cars from abroad.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

He was able to incorporate a multimedia slideshow into the lesson plan despite the school’s lack of equipment because his friend lent him a multimedia projector.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

The hotel was incredible with breathtaking view and excellent cuisine.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Based on the clues found, the police managed to apprehend the suspect a few days after the banks robbery.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

The money is not to be paid under any circumstances.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Unlike a high school education, a university education includes the application of knowledge.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Had I realized what you intended to do, I would have backed you up.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each

pair of sentences in the following questions.

The team leader allowed members to make important decisions. He fostered their spirit of commitment.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each

pair of sentences in the following questions.

Winston Churchill was a great politician and statesman. He also won the Nobel Prize for literature.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 37. Fill in the appropriate word in question 33

There is usually one important (33) _____ missing from most school. Very few students are taught how to organize their learning, and how to (34) _____ the best use of their time. Let’s take some simple examples. Do you know how to look up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the information the dictionary contains? Can you (35) _____ notes quickly, and can you understand them afterwards? For some reasons, many schools give learners no (36) _____ with these matters. Teachers ask students to memorize pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t explain (37) _____ to do it.

Learning by heart can be useful, but it is important to have genuine understanding of a subject. You can waste a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 37. Fill in the appropriate word in question 34

There is usually one important (33) _____ missing from most school. Very few students are taught how to organize their learning, and how to (34) _____ the best use of their time. Let’s take some simple examples. Do you know how to look up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the information the dictionary contains? Can you (35) _____ notes quickly, and can you understand them afterwards? For some reasons, many schools give learners no (36) _____ with these matters. Teachers ask students to memorize pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t explain (37) _____ to do it.

Learning by heart can be useful, but it is important to have genuine understanding of a subject. You can waste a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 37. Fill in the appropriate word in question 35

There is usually one important (33) _____ missing from most school. Very few students are taught how to organize their learning, and how to (34) _____ the best use of their time. Let’s take some simple examples. Do you know how to look up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the information the dictionary contains? Can you (35) _____ notes quickly, and can you understand them afterwards? For some reasons, many schools give learners no (36) _____ with these matters. Teachers ask students to memorize pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t explain (37) _____ to do it.

Learning by heart can be useful, but it is important to have genuine understanding of a subject. You can waste a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 37. Fill in the appropriate word in question 36

There is usually one important (33) _____ missing from most school. Very few students are taught how to organize their learning, and how to (34) _____ the best use of their time. Let’s take some simple examples. Do you know how to look up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the information the dictionary contains? Can you (35) _____ notes quickly, and can you understand them afterwards? For some reasons, many schools give learners no (36) _____ with these matters. Teachers ask students to memorize pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t explain (37) _____ to do it.

Learning by heart can be useful, but it is important to have genuine understanding of a subject. You can waste a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the

correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 37. Fill in the appropriate word in question 37

There is usually one important (33) _____ missing from most school. Very few students are taught how to organize their learning, and how to (34) _____ the best use of their time. Let’s take some simple examples. Do you know how to look up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the information the dictionary contains? Can you (35) _____ notes quickly, and can you understand them afterwards? For some reasons, many schools give learners no (36) _____ with these matters. Teachers ask students to memorize pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t explain (37) _____ to do it.

Learning by heart can be useful, but it is important to have genuine understanding of a subject. You can waste a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

(1) A small but growing group of scholars, evolutionary psychologists, are beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called “mismatch theory”, which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the “ancestral environment”. The one we were designed for.

(2) There is no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every 10 years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults, after car wrecks and homicides.

(3) Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests, for example, that the nostalgia for the nuclear family of the 1950s is in some way misguided that the model family of husband at work and wife at home is hardly a “natural” and the healthful living arrangement, especially for the wives. Moreover, the by gone lifestyles that do look fairly by commercialism. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary psychology is it depiction of the “animal” is us. Freud, and various thinkers since, saw “civilization” as an oppressive force that thwarts basic animal instincts and urges and transmutes them into psychopathology. However, evolutionary psychology suggests that a large threat to mental health may be the way civilization thwarts civility. There is a gentler, kinder side of human nature, and it seems increasingly to be a victim of repression in modern society.

Which of the following is the theory that evolutionary psychologists forecast about its appearance?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

(1) A small but growing group of scholars, evolutionary psychologists, are beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called “mismatch theory”, which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the “ancestral environment”. The one we were designed for.

(2) There is no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every 10 years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults, after car wrecks and homicides.

(3) Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests, for example, that the nostalgia for the nuclear family of the 1950s is in some way misguided that the model family of husband at work and wife at home is hardly a “natural” and the healthful living arrangement, especially for the wives. Moreover, the by gone lifestyles that do look fairly by commercialism. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary psychology is it depiction of the “animal” is us. Freud, and various thinkers since, saw “civilization” as an oppressive force that thwarts basic animal instincts and urges and transmutes them into psychopathology. However, evolutionary psychology suggests that a large threat to mental health may be the way civilization thwarts civility. There is a gentler, kinder side of human nature, and it seems increasingly to be a victim of repression in modern society.

The word “contour” in line 1 is closet in meaning to _____.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

(1) A small but growing group of scholars, evolutionary psychologists, are beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called “mismatch theory”, which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the “ancestral environment”. The one we were designed for.

(2) There is no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every 10 years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults, after car wrecks and homicides.

(3) Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests, for example, that the nostalgia for the nuclear family of the 1950s is in some way misguided that the model family of husband at work and wife at home is hardly a “natural” and the healthful living arrangement, especially for the wives. Moreover, the by gone lifestyles that do look fairly by commercialism. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary psychology is it depiction of the “animal” is us. Freud, and various thinkers since, saw “civilization” as an oppressive force that thwarts basic animal instincts and urges and transmutes them into psychopathology. However, evolutionary psychology suggests that a large threat to mental health may be the way civilization thwarts civility. There is a gentler, kinder side of human nature, and it seems increasingly to be a victim of repression in modern society.

According to the passage, the death of many young people in industrial countries is mainly caused by _____.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

(1) A small but growing group of scholars, evolutionary psychologists, are beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called “mismatch theory”, which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the “ancestral environment”. The one we were designed for.

(2) There is no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every 10 years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults, after car wrecks and homicides.

(3) Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests, for example, that the nostalgia for the nuclear family of the 1950s is in some way misguided that the model family of husband at work and wife at home is hardly a “natural” and the healthful living arrangement, especially for the wives. Moreover, the by gone lifestyles that do look fairly by commercialism. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary psychology is it depiction of the “animal” is us. Freud, and various thinkers since, saw “civilization” as an oppressive force that thwarts basic animal instincts and urges and transmutes them into psychopathology. However, evolutionary psychology suggests that a large threat to mental health may be the way civilization thwarts civility. There is a gentler, kinder side of human nature, and it seems increasingly to be a victim of repression in modern society.

The word “one” in line 4 refers to the _____.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.

(1) A small but growing group of scholars, evolutionary psychologists, are beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called “mismatch theory”, which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the “ancestral environment”. The one we were designed for.

(2) There is no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every 10 years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults, after car wrecks and homicides.

(3) Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests, for example, that the nostalgia for the nuclear family of the 1950s is in some way misguided that the model family of husband at work and wife at home is hardly a “natural” and the healthful living arrangement, especially for the wives. Moreover, the by gone lifestyles that do look fairly by commercialism. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary psychology is it depiction of the “animal” is us. Freud, and various thinkers since, saw “civilization” as an oppressive force that thwarts basic animal instincts and urges and transmutes them into psychopathology. However, evolutionary psychology suggests that a large threat to mental health may be the way civilization thwarts civility. There is a gentler, kinder side of human nature, and it seems increasingly to be a victim of repression in modern society.

It can be inferred from the passage that evolutionary psychologists dislike nostalgia for the 1950s because _____.

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

The main purpose of this passage is to _____.

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

The phrase “a good cause” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by which of the following?

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

Which of the following is NOT implied by the author?

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

As used in paragraph 1, the word “strollers” refer to _____.

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

In what lines does the author give reasons for why people enter footraces?

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

The word “costumes” as used in paragraph 2 most likely refers to _____.

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this passage?

Read the following passage on transport, and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

(1) Footracing is a popular activity in the United States. It is seen not only as a competitive sport but also as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like–minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to enjoy the fun an exercise. People of all ages. From those of less than one year (who may be pushed in strollers) to those in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

 (2) The largest footrace in the world is the 12 kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front of are the serious runners who compete to win and who might finish in a little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year there was a group of men who dresses like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of the firefighters who were tired together in a long line and who were carrying a firehose. There was even a bridal party, in which the bride was dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers to bystanders, and they were actually married at some point along the route.

Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?