Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 41 to 47.

Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicion with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.

One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.

While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

Poor air and water (A) quality, insufficient water (B) available, and high energy (C) consumption are exacerbated by (D) demands of urban environments.

There will be a sharp              in the urban population of Africa Asia between now and 2050.

The necessary infrastructure often cannot               fast enough to keep up with residents’ needs.

(A) Starting with, the (B) foremost problem (C) engendered by overpopulation is traffic (D) congestion.

My aunt is a bit of a wet               . She’s always spoiling everyone’s fun.

She is a           girl with             .

Wind power and solar power, (25)            harnessed properly, are two excellent sources of green energy.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 21 to 26.

GREEN ENERGY

Fossil fuels are used to generate the majority of the world's energy, and they come from in different forms. For example, coal may be burned in a power (21)            to generate electricity, but gasoline burned in a car’s engine to make it fun. Neither of these two sources is considered but gasoline is green energy because they produce a lot of pollution when they are burned. In addition, they come from a source that is inevitably going to (22)            .

Green energy can be defined as any energy source that is to some degree non-polluting. When it is called (23)             , this means that a person can replace the same amount of energy that was consumed by that person (24)            that person's lifetime. Since it took millions and millions of years to create the fossil fuels that we now burn, we know that they cannot be replaced by us.

Wind power and solar power, (25)            harnessed properly, are two excellent sources of green energy. Once the necessary parts such as wind turbines to generate wind power and solar panels to create solar power have been produced, only the pollution from the production is left.

For example, coal may be burned in a power (21)             to generate electricity, but gasoline burned in a car’s engine to make it fun.

When they let us go in, we             outside the exam room for over half an hour.

When it is called (23)              , this means that a person can replace the same amount of energy that was consumed by that person (24)              that person's lifetime.

                 , water is required by all living things on Earth and life cannot survive without it.

Over population and (A) negative effect of it (B) has been major (C) concerns in cities (D) all around the globe.

It can be inferred from the passage that             .

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

When it is called (23)            , this means that a person can replace the same amount of energy that was consumed by that person (24)            that person's lifetime.