Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions that follow

The word “skeletal” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions that follow

Which of the following distinguished Jazz as a new form of musical expression?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions that follow

According to the passage, Jazz originated in

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions that follow

The Passage answers which of the following questions?

Choose the word (A, B, C, D) whose primary stress is on a different position from that of the others in each group below.

Choose the word (A, B, C, D) whose primary stress is on a different position from that of the others in each group below.

Choose the word (A, B, C, D) whose primary stress is on a different position from that of the others in each group below.

Choose the word (A, B, C, D) whose primary stress is on a different position from that of the others in each group below.

Choose the word (A, B, C, D) whose primary stress is on a different position from that of the others in each group below.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology. 
Question 65

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology. 
Question 64

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology. 
Question 63

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology. 
Question 62

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology. 
Question 61

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology.
Question 60

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

THE EARTH GALLERIES

To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology.

Question 59

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

                                                    THE EARTH GALLERIES
To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology. 
Question 58

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

THE EARTH GALLERIES

      To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology.
Question 57

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks

THE EARTH GALLERIES

      To many people, the word ‘geology’ conjures up rather dull image of lumps of rock in glass cases. People tend to regard geology as an academic subject that you don’t need to know about (56)________you have to study it at school. If you visit te Earth Galleries at London’s Natural history Museum, however, you’ll (57)________that this image couldn’t be further from the truth.

      The aim of the exhibition is not to procedure future geologists, but rather to inspire interest in a subject which is relevant to everyday life. The Earth Galleries turn the traditional idea of geological museum (58)________, literacy because you begin at the top. The central space in the museum is a glass-topped atrium. As you enter, you (59)________up to the top of this by escalator. On the (60)________, the escalator passed through a massive revolving globe, measuring eleven metres (61)________diameter. This represents a planet, not necessarily the Earth. (62)________at the top, you work your way down through the six different exhibitions that (63)________the museum.

      The individual exhibitions explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes as well as looking at the Earth’s energy (64)________and where our most common building (65)__________come from. These exhibitions allow everyone to appreciate the fascination of geology.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction
The English horn is an alto oboe with a pitch one-fifth lower than the soprano oboe.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction
Surrounded by forested mountain slopes are the town of Telluride, a former gold mining town 7,500 feet above sea level.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction
Alzheimer made the first observers of the telltale signs of the disease that today bears his name.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction

Today was such beautiful day that I couldn’t bring myself to complete all my chores.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction

They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

According to the passage, today stone has been used less as a building material because ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

According to the passage, stone and marble were used for buildings of historical importance because they ______. 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

The word “obsolete” in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

According to the passage, knowledge about building technology ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

The author uses the phrase “social art” in the first paragraph to emphasise that architecture is an ______. 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

When well-constructed buildings exist longer than their original use, they serve as ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential characteristic of architecture according to the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: “Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight.” More prosaically, one would say today that architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey aesthetic meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art.

Architectural form is inevitably influenced by the technologies applied, but building technology is conservative and knowledge about it is cumulative. Precast concrete, for instance, has not rendered brick obsolete. Although design and construction have become highly sophisticated and are often computer directed, this complex apparatus rests on preindustrial traditions inherited from millennia during which most structures were lived in by the people who erected them. The technical demands on building remain the elemental ones – to exclude enemies, to circumvent gravity, and to avoid discomforts caused by an excess of heat or cold or by the intrusion of rain, wind, or vermin. This is no trivial assignment even with the best modern technology.

The availability of suitable materials fostered the crafts to exploit them and influenced the shapes of buildings. Large areas of the world were once forested, and their inhabitants developed carpentry. Although it has become relatively scarce, timber remains an important building material.

Many kinds of stone lend themselves to building. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are incombustible and can be expected to endure. Stone is also a sculptural material; stone architecture was often integral with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials are more amenable to industrial use and assembly.

Some regions lack both timber and stone; their peoples used the earth itself, tamping certain mixtures into walls or forming them into bricks to be dried in the sun. Later they baked these substances in kilns, producing a range of bricks and tiles with greater durability.

(Extracted from Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 Encyclopedia – DVD Version)

According to the passage, the term “architecture” is normally used to refer to the designs and structures that have ______. 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

Which of the following could best serve as the title of the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

As mentioned in the passage, photography can ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

The word “handheld” in the passage is closest in meaning to “______”.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

The latest invention mentioned in the passage is the invention of ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

The word “ruined” in the passage is closest in meaning to “______”.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

The word “this” in the passage refers to ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42

In 1826, a Frenchman named Niépce needed pictures for his business. He was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.

The next important date in the history of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities, and mountains.

In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple and photographers had to carry lots of film and processing equipment. However, this did not stop photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840, daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.

 Matthew Brady was one well-known American photographer. He took many portraits of famous people. The portraits were unusual because they were lifelike and full of personality. Brady was also the first person to take pictures of a war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.

 In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography. Photographers could buy film readymade in rolls, instead of having to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later. They did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.

With a small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends, and favorite places. They called these pictures "snapshots".

Documentary photographs became popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used them. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawings.

Some people began to think of photography as a form of art. They thought that photography could do more than show the real world. It could also show ideas and feelings, like other art forms. From “Reading Power” by Beatrice S. Mikulecky and Linda Jeffries

Daguerre took a picture of his studio with ______. 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answersheet to indicate the correctword orphrase that bestfits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

In a world where 2 billion people live in homes that don't have light bulbs, technology holds the key (31)______ banishing poverty. Even the simplest technologies can transform lives and save money. Vaccines, crops, computers and sources of solar energy can all reduce poverty in developing countries. For example, cheap oral-rehydration therapy developed in Bangladesh has dramatically cut the death (32)______ from childhood diarrhoea.

 But even when such technologies exist, the depressing fact is that we can’t make them cheap enough for those who most need them. Solar panels, batteries and light bulbs are still beyond the purse of many, but where they have been installed they change lives. A decent light in the evening gives children more time for homework and extends the productive day for adults.

Kenya has a thriving solar industry and six years ago Kenyan pioneers also started connecting schools to the Internet via radio links. These people were fortunate in being able to afford solar panels, radios and old computers. How much bigger would the impact be if these things (33)______ and priced specifically for poor people?

Multinationals must become part of the solution, because (34)______ they own around 60 per cent of the world's technology, they seldom make products for poor customers. Of 1,223 new drugs marketed worldwide from 1975 to 1996, for example, just 13 were for tropical diseases.

People think those enterprises should do more to provide vital products such as medicines at different prices around the world to suit (35)______ people can afford. Alternatively, they could pay a percentage of their profit towards research and development for the poor. 

(Adapted from “The Price is Wrong” in “Focus on IELTS Foundations” by Sue O’Connell, Pearson Longman, 2006)

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