Which of the following is NOT stated about the Mongols in paragraph 2?

Read the passage and choose the correct answer to each question.

      We will probably never know who first sold a beef inside a bun, but there are lots of contenders for having invented something similar.

      Genghis Khan and his army of Mongol horsemen used to snack on raw beef which they kept underneath their saddles. They also ground meat from lamb or mutton. This was fast food for busy warriors on horseback at that time. When theMongols invaded Russia, the snack became known as “Steak Tartare”. In the 17^thand 18^th centuries trade between Germany and Russia gave rise to the “Tartare steak”, while the “Hamburg steak” became popular with German sailors along the New York City harbor.

      It’s speculated that the first “Hamburger steak” was served at Delmonico’s Restaurant in New York City in 1834, but not in a bun. In 1885 Charlie “Hamburger” Nagreen served flattened meatballs between two slices of bread. As late as 1904 Fletcher Davis of Athens, Texas, attracted much attention when he sold his hamburgers at the St. Louis World’s Fair. Davis’s claim to having originated the hamburger has been supported by both McDonalds and Dairy Queen.

      Brothers Frank and Charles Menches may also have made a major contribution to hamburger history: they sold ground pork sandwiches at the Erie Country Fair in New York, but one day in 1885, they were forced to use chopped beef because their butcher had run out of pork. They mixed in some coffee and brown sugar to beef p the taste and sold their “Hamburger Sandwiches”. The name “Hamburger” came from Hamburg, New York, the location of the fair.

1.   What was the Menches’ contribution to hamburger history?

Read the passage and choose the correct answer to each question.

      We will probably never know who first sold a beef inside a bun, but there are lots of contenders for having invented something similar.

      Genghis Khan and his army of Mongol horsemen used to snack on raw beef which they kept underneath their saddles. They also ground meat from lamb or mutton. This was fast food for busy warriors on horseback at that time. When theMongols invaded Russia, the snack became known as “Steak Tartare”. In the 17^thand 18^th centuries trade between Germany and Russia gave rise to the “Tartare steak”, while the “Hamburg steak” became popular with German sailors along the New York City harbor.

      It’s speculated that the first “Hamburger steak” was served at Delmonico’s Restaurant in New York City in 1834, but not in a bun. In 1885 Charlie “Hamburger” Nagreen served flattened meatballs between two slices of bread. As late as 1904 Fletcher Davis of Athens, Texas, attracted much attention when he sold his hamburgers at the St. Louis World’s Fair. Davis’s claim to having originated the hamburger has been supported by both McDonalds and Dairy Queen.

      Brothers Frank and Charles Menches may also have made a major contribution to hamburger history: they sold ground pork sandwiches at the Erie Country Fair in New York, but one day in 1885, they were forced to use chopped beef because their butcher had run out of pork. They mixed in some coffee and brown sugar to beef p the taste and sold their “Hamburger Sandwiches”. The name “Hamburger” came from Hamburg, New York, the location of the fair.

1.   What was the Menches’ contribution to hamburger history?

During their sleep period, astronauts have (10)                     having dreams and nightmares.

Read the passage below and decide which answer A, B, C or D fits each numbered gap.

      After a long day at work, nothing is better than a good (1)                     ! Just like on the Earth, in space an astronaut goes to bed at a certain time, then wakes up and prepares for work again. There are a few differences though. Space has no “up” or “down”, but it does have (2)              . As a (3)                     , astronauts are weightless and can sleep in (4) orientation. However, they have to (5)                 themselves so they don’t float around and bump into something. Space station crews usually sleep in (6)              bags located in small crew cabins. Each crew cabin is just big enough for one person.

      Generally, astronauts are scheduled for eight hours of sleep at the end of each mission day. (7)                                   on the Earth, though, they may wake up in the middle of their sleep period to use the toilet, or stay up late and look out of the window. Different things such as excitement or (8) _____ can disrupt an astronaut’s sleep (9)             . During their sleep period, astronauts have (10)                     having dreams and nightmares.

Fill in the blank using the words in the box.

      Perhaps the most common type of tourism is what most people (1)                         with traveling: recreation tourism. This is (2)                             people go to a place that is very different from their regular day-to-day life to relax and have fun. Beaches, theme parks and camp grounds are often the most common places regularly visited by (3)                        tourists.

      If the (4)                            of one’s visit to a particular place is to get to know its history and culture then this type of tourism is known as cultural tourism. They may attend festivals and ceremonies in order to (5)                                  a better understanding of the people, their beliefs and their practices.

      For tourists who want to see wildlife or take the joy of just being in the middle of the nature, nature tourism is the answer. Ecotourism and nature treks are all part of this kind of tourism. Bird watching, for example, is one activity that nature tourists are fond of doing. What (6)                                  this kind of tourism is that it has low impact (7)           the local community.

      Religious tourism is another type of tourism where people go to a religious location or locations to follow the (8)                                      of their founder or to attend a religious (9)                            .

      Medical or health tourism is a relatively new type of tourist (10)                             where the main focus of the travel is improving one’s health, physical appearance or fitness.

Read the following passage and choose the best option for each numbered blank.

      A career used to be understood as a single (1)                 that people did to earn a living. However, in the changing world of work, nowadays people have to keep learning and be responsible for building their future. Therefore, a career is now considered more than a job. Rather, it is an (2)             process of learning and development of skills and (3) .

      Choosing a career (4)                   is hard - you have to consider many things. Firstly, you Should consider what you like, what is most important to you, what you are good at and who is there to help you. For example, you may care (5)                       about earning as much money aspossible or you may want to experience job (6)              , or make a difference to society. Then, you should (7)               account education and learning styles. You may want to follow an academic route of high school, then college or university. (8)                     , you may opt for vocational training where you learn skills which can be applied directly to a job. Thirdly, you should do your own research to explore possible career paths. For instance, career paths in education include teaching, (9)       development, research or administration. Finally, speak to people. Your parents, your teachers, and even your (10)                  can give you good advice.

Fill in the blank with suitable words.

      An interview is never as (1)                     as your fears. For some (2)                 , people imagine the interviewer is going to focus on every tiny mistake they make. In truth, the interviewer is as keen for the meeting to go well as you are. It is what makes his or her job (3)                                 .

      The secret of a good interview is preparing for it.What you wear is very important because it (4)                                      the first impression. So (5)                       neatly, but comfortably. Make sure that you can deal with anything you are asked. Remember to prepare for questions that are certain to (6)                             .

      Answer the questions fully and precisely. For instance, if one of your interests is reading, be prepared to (7)                 about the sort of books you like. However, do not learn all your answers off by (8)                    . The interviewer wants to meet a human (9)                        , not a robot. (10)                                the fact that a job interview is so important, you should feel relaxed in order to succeed.

The kind of career you have can                                .

Read the following text and choose the best answer A, B, C or D.

      There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of workinvolved and in the ways they influence a person’s life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want. To make wise decisions and plans, you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself and career opportunities, the better able you will be to choose asatisfying career. People differ in what they want from a career. Many people desire a highincome. Some hope for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values, your interests, and your aptitudes (abilities). Most people are happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests and aptitudes. Each person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some people – that is, wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behavior, and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devotion to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others. People should understand their values prior to making a career decision. You can develop an understanding of your values by asking yourself what is most important to you and by examining your beliefs. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge is important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values.

1.   There are as many kinds of careers as                              .

Read the text again and then decide whether the following statement is True (T) or False (F).

Read the text again and then decide whether the following statement is True (T) or False (F).

Read the text again and then decide whether the following statement is True (T) or False (F).