Choose the best answer.

He was said _____ this building.

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

According to the local government, 50 houses ______ by the typhoon up to now.

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

Look! The sky is really dark and the wind is so strong! Our village ______ by a storm.

Choose the best answer.

How many languages _______ in Canada?

Choose the best answer.

Minh Mang Tomb ______ constructing in 1841, and _______. three years later.

Choose the best sentence that has the same meaning as the first one.

Parents always give me proper encouragement.

=>Proper encouragement _______ to me by parents.

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

Hundreds of buildings ____ when the earthquake _____ the city.

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

My house, which _____ in the storm, _____ next week.

Choose the best answer.

How was the lost boy _____ by the police?

Choose the best answer.

______ the house painted by his uncle last year?

Choose the best answer.

Peter was so sad because he _____ to Lan’s birthday party last night.  

Choose the best answer.

Many kinds of fruits and vegetables ................ at the floating market in Can Tho.

Choose the best answer.

It ______ that learning English is easy.

Choose the best answer:

Lan asked her teacher what requirements she ______ as a monitor.

Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

Some tents  ___ so that children and old people could sleep in.

Choose the best answer.

Cham Towers in Ninh Thuan province _____ by tourists all over the world every year.

Choose the best answer.

The students of the Imperial Academy_____ from local examinations all over the country.

Choose the best answer.

The University of Oxford _______  among the top five universities in the world.

Choose the best answer.

A lot of flowers _____ in Da Lat throughout the year.

Choose the best answer.

The Imperial Academy was ______ in 1076 under Emperor Ly Nhan Tong.

Choose the best answer.

The Temple of Literature _______in 1070.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

The phrase "the wee hours" in paragraph 3 probably refers to the period of time

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the tradition of

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

The word "origins" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

According to paragraph 2, parents in Mongolia feed their child's lost tooth to a dog because

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

According to the passage, where is a child's lost tooth thought to be taken away by a mouse?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

The word "their" in paragraph 1 refers to

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house. According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth. Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child. In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.

Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth. In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money. However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people.

Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel. Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog. The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West. Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth. The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago. According to tradition, a child puts a lost tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. In the wee hours, while the child is sleeping, the Tooth Fairy takes the tooth and leaves something else under the pillow. In France, the Tooth Fairy leaves a small gift. In the United States, however, the Tooth Fairy usually leaves money. These days, the rate is 1to1to5 per tooth, adding up to a lot of money from the

Tooth Fairy!

What is the passage mainly about?

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

A “secondary relationship” mentioned in the last paragraph between a leader and the members of a group could be best characterized as.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

The word“them” in the third paragraph refers to____ 

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

The word “collective” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

The passage indicates that ‘instrumental leaders’generally focus on.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

In mentioning “natural leaders” in the second paragraph, the author is making the point that.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT_______.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any ca gory of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationshipto other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

Read the text and choose the best.

Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms which usually consist of only a single cell. They do not have chlorophyll that is found in plants which allow for the production of food. If one million of the tiny bacteria were laid end-to-end, they would only measure about two inches. The word bacteria is plural, and bacteriumdescribes a single organism.

An amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoekwas the first person to see bacteria and other tiny organisms under a microscope. Though tiny, they are found everywhere. Bacteria is found in the air, soil, and water, as well as inside and outside of the human body. They reproduce quickly if the conditions are right. Millions of the tiny organisms can form in a space as small as a drop of water.

[A] Bacteria are usually placed in three categories depending on their shapes. The can be described a spherical (like a football), rod-like, or shaped like a spiral or corkscrew. There are also some bacteria shaped like a comma used in writing, but much smaller. There is helpful bacteria and harmful bacteria. Some can improve human life, but others can cause diseases. In addition, there are many more that simply have no effect on humans.

[B] The helpful bacteria assist with the digestion of foods in several kinds of animals including cows, deer, sheep and others. The bacteria help break down some of the foods the animals eat. In humans, a bacteria called E. coli also occur in the digestive system breaking down many kinds of foods. It is responsible for producing vitamin K and certain b vitamins.

[C] Other bacteria are decomposersin the food chain, which attack dead animals and break them down. They are then used as nutrients by plants. Bacteria is also part of the production of many foods eaten by people. Bacteria causes milk to become sour which helps in the production of buttermilk, cottage cheese, and yogurt. Bacteria is involved in the production of sauerkraut and vinegar too.

[D] It can directly attack the tissues in a plant or animal. Sometimes fruits or vegetables become discolored due the attack by bacteria. Bacteria can also cause harm organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. One type is responsible for a disease known as tetanus, which can paralyze the muscles of a person. The condition when this occurs is called lockjaw. Finally, the worst type of food poisoning is caused by a bacterium releasing a toxin. This type of food poisoning is called botulism.

There are also harmful bacteria living on the skin, but are not dangerous unless they enter the bloodstream through a cut in the skin. If E. coli, though helpful with digestion, enters the bloodstream it can cause cramping, diarrhea and maybe even death.

Methods to destroy bacteria include freezing and drying during food preservation or through pasteurization, which is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time. This is how bacteria are killed during the processing of milk.

In summary, bacteria are everywhere and can be harmful or helpful to humans and other organisms.

The sentence “Unfortunately, bacteria are best known by the disease it causes.” can best fit which of the numbered spaces in the passage?

Read the text and choose the best.

Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms which usually consist of only a single cell. They do not have chlorophyll that is found in plants which allow for the production of food. If one million of the tiny bacteria were laid end-to-end, they would only measure about two inches. The word bacteria is plural, and bacteriumdescribes a single organism.

An amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoekwas the first person to see bacteria and other tiny organisms under a microscope. Though tiny, they are found everywhere. Bacteria is found in the air, soil, and water, as well as inside and outside of the human body. They reproduce quickly if the conditions are right. Millions of the tiny organisms can form in a space as small as a drop of water.

[A] Bacteria are usually placed in three categories depending on their shapes. The can be described a spherical (like a football), rod-like, or shaped like a spiral or corkscrew. There are also some bacteria shaped like a comma used in writing, but much smaller. There is helpful bacteria and harmful bacteria. Some can improve human life, but others can cause diseases. In addition, there are many more that simply have no effect on humans.

[B] The helpful bacteria assist with the digestion of foods in several kinds of animals including cows, deer, sheep and others. The bacteria help break down some of the foods the animals eat. In humans, a bacteria called E. coli also occur in the digestive system breaking down many kinds of foods. It is responsible for producing vitamin K and certain b vitamins.

[C] Other bacteria are decomposersin the food chain, which attack dead animals and break them down. They are then used as nutrients by plants. Bacteria is also part of the production of many foods eaten by people. Bacteria causes milk to become sour which helps in the production of buttermilk, cottage cheese, and yogurt. Bacteria is involved in the production of sauerkraut and vinegar too.

[D] It can directly attack the tissues in a plant or animal. Sometimes fruits or vegetables become discolored due the attack by bacteria. Bacteria can also cause harm organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. One type is responsible for a disease known as tetanus, which can paralyze the muscles of a person. The condition when this occurs is called lockjaw. Finally, the worst type of food poisoning is caused by a bacterium releasing a toxin. This type of food poisoning is called botulism.

There are also harmful bacteria living on the skin, but are not dangerous unless they enter the bloodstream through a cut in the skin. If E. coli, though helpful with digestion, enters the bloodstream it can cause cramping, diarrhea and maybe even death.

Methods to destroy bacteria include freezing and drying during food preservation or through pasteurization, which is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time. This is how bacteria are killed during the processing of milk.

In summary, bacteria are everywhere and can be harmful or helpful to humans and other organisms.

Which can infer from the text?

Read the text and choose the best.

Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms which usually consist of only a single cell. They do not have chlorophyll that is found in plants which allow for the production of food. If one million of the tiny bacteria were laid end-to-end, they would only measure about two inches. The word bacteria is plural, and bacteriumdescribes a single organism.

An amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoekwas the first person to see bacteria and other tiny organisms under a microscope. Though tiny, they are found everywhere. Bacteria is found in the air, soil, and water, as well as inside and outside of the human body. They reproduce quickly if the conditions are right. Millions of the tiny organisms can form in a space as small as a drop of water.

[A] Bacteria are usually placed in three categories depending on their shapes. The can be described a spherical (like a football), rod-like, or shaped like a spiral or corkscrew. There are also some bacteria shaped like a comma used in writing, but much smaller. There is helpful bacteria and harmful bacteria. Some can improve human life, but others can cause diseases. In addition, there are many more that simply have no effect on humans.

[B] The helpful bacteria assist with the digestion of foods in several kinds of animals including cows, deer, sheep and others. The bacteria help break down some of the foods the animals eat. In humans, a bacteria called E. coli also occur in the digestive system breaking down many kinds of foods. It is responsible for producing vitamin K and certain b vitamins.

[C] Other bacteria are decomposersin the food chain, which attack dead animals and break them down. They are then used as nutrients by plants. Bacteria is also part of the production of many foods eaten by people. Bacteria causes milk to become sour which helps in the production of buttermilk, cottage cheese, and yogurt. Bacteria is involved in the production of sauerkraut and vinegar too.

[D] It can directly attack the tissues in a plant or animal. Sometimes fruits or vegetables become discolored due the attack by bacteria. Bacteria can also cause harm organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. One type is responsible for a disease known as tetanus, which can paralyze the muscles of a person. The condition when this occurs is called lockjaw. Finally, the worst type of food poisoning is caused by a bacterium releasing a toxin. This type of food poisoning is called botulism.

There are also harmful bacteria living on the skin, but are not dangerous unless they enter the bloodstream through a cut in the skin. If E. coli, though helpful with digestion, enters the bloodstream it can cause cramping, diarrhea and maybe even death.

Methods to destroy bacteria include freezing and drying during food preservation or through pasteurization, which is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time. This is how bacteria are killed during the processing of milk.

In summary, bacteria are everywhere and can be harmful or helpful to humans and other organisms.

Which of the following is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time?

Read the text and choose the best.

Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms which usually consist of only a single cell. They do not have chlorophyll that is found in plants which allow for the production of food. If one million of the tiny bacteria were laid end-to-end, they would only measure about two inches. The word bacteria is plural, and bacteriumdescribes a single organism.

An amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoekwas the first person to see bacteria and other tiny organisms under a microscope. Though tiny, they are found everywhere. Bacteria is found in the air, soil, and water, as well as inside and outside of the human body. They reproduce quickly if the conditions are right. Millions of the tiny organisms can form in a space as small as a drop of water.

[A] Bacteria are usually placed in three categories depending on their shapes. The can be described a spherical (like a football), rod-like, or shaped like a spiral or corkscrew. There are also some bacteria shaped like a comma used in writing, but much smaller. There is helpful bacteria and harmful bacteria. Some can improve human life, but others can cause diseases. In addition, there are many more that simply have no effect on humans.

[B] The helpful bacteria assist with the digestion of foods in several kinds of animals including cows, deer, sheep and others. The bacteria help break down some of the foods the animals eat. In humans, a bacteria called E. coli also occur in the digestive system breaking down many kinds of foods. It is responsible for producing vitamin K and certain b vitamins.

[C] Other bacteria are decomposersin the food chain, which attack dead animals and break them down. They are then used as nutrients by plants. Bacteria is also part of the production of many foods eaten by people. Bacteria causes milk to become sour which helps in the production of buttermilk, cottage cheese, and yogurt. Bacteria is involved in the production of sauerkraut and vinegar too.

[D] It can directly attack the tissues in a plant or animal. Sometimes fruits or vegetables become discolored due the attack by bacteria. Bacteria can also cause harm organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. One type is responsible for a disease known as tetanus, which can paralyze the muscles of a person. The condition when this occurs is called lockjaw. Finally, the worst type of food poisoning is caused by a bacterium releasing a toxin. This type of food poisoning is called botulism.

There are also harmful bacteria living on the skin, but are not dangerous unless they enter the bloodstream through a cut in the skin. If E. coli, though helpful with digestion, enters the bloodstream it can cause cramping, diarrhea and maybe even death.

Methods to destroy bacteria include freezing and drying during food preservation or through pasteurization, which is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time. This is how bacteria are killed during the processing of milk.

In summary, bacteria are everywhere and can be harmful or helpful to humans and other organisms.

Which of the following can paralyze the muscles of a person?

Read the text and choose the best.

Bacteriaare the second smallest living things on Earth with only viruses being smaller. They are very small organisms which usually consist of only a single cell. They do not have chlorophyll that is found in plants which allow for the production of food. If one million of the tiny bacteria were laid end-to-end, they would only measure about two inches. The word bacteria is plural, and bacteriumdescribes a single organism.

An amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoekwas the first person to see bacteria and other tiny organisms under a microscope. Though tiny, they are found everywhere. Bacteria is found in the air, soil, and water, as well as inside and outside of the human body. They reproduce quickly if the conditions are right. Millions of the tiny organisms can form in a space as small as a drop of water.

[A] Bacteria are usually placed in three categories depending on their shapes. The can be described a spherical (like a football), rod-like, or shaped like a spiral or corkscrew. There are also some bacteria shaped like a comma used in writing, but much smaller. There is helpful bacteria and harmful bacteria. Some can improve human life, but others can cause diseases. In addition, there are many more that simply have no effect on humans.

[B] The helpful bacteria assist with the digestion of foods in several kinds of animals including cows, deer, sheep and others. The bacteria help break down some of the foods the animals eat. In humans, a bacteria called E. coli also occur in the digestive system breaking down many kinds of foods. It is responsible for producing vitamin K and certain b vitamins.

[C] Other bacteria are decomposersin the food chain, which attack dead animals and break them down. They are then used as nutrients by plants. Bacteria is also part of the production of many foods eaten by people. Bacteria causes milk to become sour which helps in the production of buttermilk, cottage cheese, and yogurt. Bacteria is involved in the production of sauerkraut and vinegar too.

[D] It can directly attack the tissues in a plant or animal. Sometimes fruits or vegetables become discolored due the attack by bacteria. Bacteria can also cause harm organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. One type is responsible for a disease known as tetanus, which can paralyze the muscles of a person. The condition when this occurs is called lockjaw. Finally, the worst type of food poisoning is caused by a bacterium releasing a toxin. This type of food poisoning is called botulism.

There are also harmful bacteria living on the skin, but are not dangerous unless they enter the bloodstream through a cut in the skin. If E. coli, though helpful with digestion, enters the bloodstream it can cause cramping, diarrhea and maybe even death.

Methods to destroy bacteria include freezing and drying during food preservation or through pasteurization, which is the process of heating food to a specific temperature for a period of time. This is how bacteria are killed during the processing of milk.

In summary, bacteria are everywhere and can be harmful or helpful to humans and other organisms.

Which of the following bacteria help with human digestion?