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Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects – an estimated 90 percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.

For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.

A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns very among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather than between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.

In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of example because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?

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Dr. Parker gave my mom a lovely _______ for spaghetti carbonara

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A salesgirl is talking to a customer in a clothes shop.

Salesgirl: “Can I help you, madam?”

Customer: “ _______”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Among the world’s 44 richest countries, there has been not war since 1945

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Opera singer Maria Callas was known for her _______, powerful voice.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Mobile phones emit microwave radio emissions. Researchers are questioning whether exposure to these radio waves might (33) _______ to brain cancer. So far, the data are not conclusive. The scientific evidence does not enable us to say with certainly that mobile phones are categorically (34) _______. On the other hand, current research has not yet proved clear adverse effect associated with the prolonged use of mobile phones.

Numerous studies are now going (35) _______ in various countries. Some of the results are contradictory but others have shown an association between mobile phone use and cancer. (36) _______, these studies are preliminary and the issue needs further, long-term investigation.

Until the scientific data is more definite, it is prudent for people to try not to use mobile phone for long periods of time. Don’t think that hands free phones are any safer either. At the moment, research is in fact showing the opposite and they may be just as dangerous. It is also thought that young people (37) _______ bodies are still growing may be at particular risk.

Điền vào ô trống 35

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

It had been snowing all day. A great many people managed to get to the end-of-term concert.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

The woman is famous not only for her beauty, intelligent but also for her hardworking.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

The lost hikers stayed alive by eating wild berries and drinking spring water.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Mobile phones emit microwave radio emissions. Researchers are questioning whether exposure to these radio waves might (33) _______ to brain cancer. So far, the data are not conclusive. The scientific evidence does not enable us to say with certainly that mobile phones are categorically (34) _______. On the other hand, current research has not yet proved clear adverse effect associated with the prolonged use of mobile phones.

Numerous studies are now going (35) _______ in various countries. Some of the results are contradictory but others have shown an association between mobile phone use and cancer. (36) _______, these studies are preliminary and the issue needs further, long-term investigation.

Until the scientific data is more definite, it is prudent for people to try not to use mobile phone for long periods of time. Don’t think that hands free phones are any safer either. At the moment, research is in fact showing the opposite and they may be just as dangerous. It is also thought that young people (37) _______ bodies are still growing may be at particular risk.

Điền vào ô trống 33

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My sunburnt nose made me feel rather _______ for the first few days of the holiday

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Cairo and Roma are talking in the living room.

Cairo: “ _______ ?”

Roma: “I’d rather you didn’t, if you don’t mind.”

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Mobile phones emit microwave radio emissions. Researchers are questioning whether exposure to these radio waves might (33) _______ to brain cancer. So far, the data are not conclusive. The scientific evidence does not enable us to say with certainly that mobile phones are categorically (34) _______. On the other hand, current research has not yet proved clear adverse effect associated with the prolonged use of mobile phones.

Numerous studies are now going (35) _______ in various countries. Some of the results are contradictory but others have shown an association between mobile phone use and cancer. (36) _______, these studies are preliminary and the issue needs further, long-term investigation.

Until the scientific data is more definite, it is prudent for people to try not to use mobile phone for long periods of time. Don’t think that hands free phones are any safer either. At the moment, research is in fact showing the opposite and they may be just as dangerous. It is also thought that young people (37) _______ bodies are still growing may be at particular risk.

Điền vào ô trống 36

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The modern comic strip started out as ammunition in a newspapaer war between giants of the American press in the late nineteenth century. The first full-color comic strip appeared in January 1894 in the New York World, owned by Joseph Pulitzer. The first regular weekly full-color comic supplement, similar to today’s Sunday funnies, appeared two years later, in William Randolph Hearst’ rival New York paper, the Morning Journal.

Both were immensely popular and publishers realized that supplementing the news with comic relief boosted the sale of papers. The Morning Journal started another feature in 1896, the “Yellow Kid”, the first continuous comic character in the United States, whose creator, Richard Outcault, had been lured away from the World by the ambitious Hearst. The “Yellow Kid” was in many ways a pioneer. Its comic dialogue was the strictly urban farce that came to characterize later strips, and it introduced the speech baloon inside the strip, usually placed above the characters’ heads.

The first strip to incorporate all the elements of later comics was Rudolph Dirks’s “Katzenjammer Kids”, based on Wilhelm Busch’s Max and Moritz, a European satire of the nineteenth century. The “Kids” strip, first published in 1897, served as the prototype for future American strips. It contained not only speech baloons, but a continuous cast of characters, and was divided into small regular panels that did away with the larger panoramic scenes of earlier comics.

Newspaper syndication played a major role in spreading the popularity of comic strips throughout the country. Though weekly colored comics came first, daily black-and-white strips were not far behind. The first appeared in the Chicago American in 1904. It was followed by many imitators, and by 1915 black-and-white comic strips had become a staple of daily newspapers around the country.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Henry was found a temporary job in a factory

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They started the meal after they had reached an agreement.