* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following question.

I could feel his mind trying to probe into my thoughts, to see what I was thinking.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following question.

 Every day millions of children are denied access to the basic rights and opportunities many of us take for granted.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

  For kids, water sports are adventurous and fun filled, but safety has to be given first (31) ________. All kids should compulsorily wear life jackets, (32)_________they know how to swim. All boats and rafts should also carry (33)__________ life jackets, whistles and lifebuoys. While playing water sports, kids need to be accompanied by an adult, preferably an attentive lifeguard, who must know how to swim. He should also know what to do during times of emergency and the ABCs of giving first (34)__________Water sports should always be carried out when the climate is pleasant. If the weather is sunny, do apply sun screen cream to protect the children from radiations.

  There are different kinds of water sports for children. Let's start with a simple water sport (35)_________boating, which is very much enjoyable. In most of the kids and youths camps you'll find boating and canoeing. If you want an adventurous water sport, then sailing has to be your first choice.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

  For kids, water sports are adventurous and fun filled, but safety has to be given first (31) ________. All kids should compulsorily wear life jackets, (32)_________they know how to swim. All boats and rafts should also carry (33)__________ life jackets, whistles and lifebuoys. While playing water sports, kids need to be accompanied by an adult, preferably an attentive lifeguard, who must know how to swim. He should also know what to do during times of emergency and the ABCs of giving first (34)__________Water sports should always be carried out when the climate is pleasant. If the weather is sunny, do apply sun screen cream to protect the children from radiations.

  There are different kinds of water sports for children. Let's start with a simple water sport (35)_________boating, which is very much enjoyable. In most of the kids and youths camps you'll find boating and canoeing. If you want an adventurous water sport, then sailing has to be your first choice.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

  For kids, water sports are adventurous and fun filled, but safety has to be given first (31) ________. All kids should compulsorily wear life jackets, (32)_________they know how to swim. All boats and rafts should also carry (33)__________ life jackets, whistles and lifebuoys. While playing water sports, kids need to be accompanied by an adult, preferably an attentive lifeguard, who must know how to swim. He should also know what to do during times of emergency and the ABCs of giving first (34)__________Water sports should always be carried out when the climate is pleasant. If the weather is sunny, do apply sun screen cream to protect the children from radiations.

  There are different kinds of water sports for children. Let's start with a simple water sport (35)_________boating, which is very much enjoyable. In most of the kids and youths camps you'll find boating and canoeing. If you want an adventurous water sport, then sailing has to be your first choice.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

  For kids, water sports are adventurous and fun filled, but safety has to be given first (31) ________. All kids should compulsorily wear life jackets, (32)_________they know how to swim. All boats and rafts should also carry (33)__________ life jackets, whistles and lifebuoys. While playing water sports, kids need to be accompanied by an adult, preferably an attentive lifeguard, who must know how to swim. He should also know what to do during times of emergency and the ABCs of giving first (34)__________Water sports should always be carried out when the climate is pleasant. If the weather is sunny, do apply sun screen cream to protect the children from radiations.

  There are different kinds of water sports for children. Let's start with a simple water sport (35)_________boating, which is very much enjoyable. In most of the kids and youths camps you'll find boating and canoeing. If you want an adventurous water sport, then sailing has to be your first choice.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

  For kids, water sports are adventurous and fun filled, but safety has to be given first (31) ________. All kids should compulsorily wear life jackets, (32)_________they know how to swim. All boats and rafts should also carry (33)__________ life jackets, whistles and lifebuoys. While playing water sports, kids need to be accompanied by an adult, preferably an attentive lifeguard, who must know how to swim. He should also know what to do during times of emergency and the ABCs of giving first (34)__________Water sports should always be carried out when the climate is pleasant. If the weather is sunny, do apply sun screen cream to protect the children from radiations.

  There are different kinds of water sports for children. Let's start with a simple water sport (35)_________boating, which is very much enjoyable. In most of the kids and youths camps you'll find boating and canoeing. If you want an adventurous water sport, then sailing has to be your first choice.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

What is the best title of the passage?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT found as a common activity in festivals?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a value of festivals?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

What does the word “they” in the second paragraph refer to?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

What does the author mean by saying “remembering the source while drinking water”?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

Which of the followings best replace the word “course” in the second paragraph?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30.

  In Viet Nam festivals often take place during the three months in spring and in autumn when people have a lot of leisure time. In addition, the climate in spring and autumn is especially suitable for holding festivals and for festivals goers to enjoy. Traditional festivals constitute a form of cultural activities, a spiritual product which the people have created and developed during the course of history. From generation to generation, the Vietnamese people preserve the fine tradition of “remembering the source while drinking water.” Festivals are events which represent this tradition of the community as well as honour the holy figures named as “gods” -the real persons in national history or legendary persons. The images of gods converge the noble characteristics of mankind. They are national heroes who fought against foreign invaders, reclaimed new lands, treated people, fought against natural calamities, or those legendary characters who affect the earthly life.

  Accordingly, first and foremost, festivals are events when people pay tribute to divinities that rendered merits to the community and the nation. These are occasions when people come back to either their natural or national roots, which form a sacred part in their mind. Furthermore, testivals represent the strength of the commune or village, the local region or even the whole nation. Worshipping the same god, the people unite in solidarity to overcome difficulties, striving for a happy and wealthy life.

  Moreover, festivals display the demand for creativity and enjoyment of spiritual and material cultural values of all social strata. They become a form of education under which fine traditional moral values can be handed from one generation to the next in a unique way of combining spiritual characters with competition and entertainment games. Festivals are also the time people can express their sadness and worries in a wish that gods might bestow favour on them to help them strive for a better life.

(Adapted from: Overview of Traditional Festivals - Viet Mam, Country and Peoples)

What affects the time to hold festivals in Viet Nam?

* Mark the letter .4, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

 The course objective is to instruct young businessmen on how to properly run a business.

* Mark the letter .4, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

The teacher had his students use their laptops to surf the Net for resources in his class,

* Mark the letter .4, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

 “We’ll give four million glasses of milk to thousands of disadvantaged children this year,” a dairy giant in Ha Noi said.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

 People had been praising the high quality of the shop for months. When he got there, the service was bad

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

I regarded our relationship as an investment. I had to commit to it with all my heart.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

“It’s so stuffy in here.” - “__________”

  A. so much food       B. so few food           C. so little food         D. too little

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

“Excuse me. I have a reservation for tonight.” - “_________”.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 The cook made________that some people were not served.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 The washing machine has broken down again. I think I should get ________.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 It is the recommendation of the consultants that the patient______ under medical supervision

All delegations joined in congratulating Mr. Kebe with a warm________ of applause.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 The fire was believed to have been caused by an_______ fault.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 At press time, one of the four workers________reinstated. for union activity had been reinstated

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

We need to look at energy mixes that are sustainable in the long_______and are cleaner sources of energy. 

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 What is going on is__________clear to Christian, and he is increasingly anxious.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

 Over the next months, he applied himself     ________the technique.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

His ability_________mathematics in a short time is wholly admirable. 

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

If I hadn’t stayed up so late last night, I_______so tired this morning

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

__________the children are staying at their grandmother's, let's go out for the evening.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on you answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on you answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined

part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

* Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined

part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  In addition to improved physical health, sport plays a primarily positive role in youth development, including improved academic achievement, higher self- esteem, fewer behavioural problems, and better psychosocial development. Many studies focus on the effects of sport on the five “C’ s” - competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring The many facets of playing sport - the discipline of training, learning teamwork, following the leadership of coaches and captains, learning to lose - provide lifelong skills for athletes.

  The literature on youth sport stresses the positive effects of participation in learning the important life skills of goal setting and time management combined with enjoyment; the development of a strong sense of morality; and the development of an appreciation of diversity. Studies have shown that children and youth participating in sport, when compared to peers who do not play sport, exhibit higher grades, expectations, and attainment; greater personal confidence and self-esteem; greater connections with school — that is, greater attachment and support from adults; stronger peer relationships; more academically oriented friends; greater family attachment and more frequent interactions with parents; more restraint in avoiding risky behaviour; and greater involvement in volunteer work.

  Sport provides opportunities for children and youth to engage in valuable and positive relationships with adults. Thus, it is a missed opportunity for children who are “gated” - or not included in sport - during early stages of childhood because they are less well behaved than other children. These children are being prevented from participating in the very thing that could help them learn to control and regulate their behaviour. Sport provides an opportunity for children to safely navigate and negotiate between right and wrong as they learn to interact with peers and adults. Research by Taliaferro et al. suggests that playing sport can even protect against suicide risk in youth. Compared to nonathletes, male athletes exhibit lower levels of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Young males involved in multiple sports seem to gamer even more protection in this regard. Similar results were found for girls. Research on the role of exercise in adults confirms that it improves mood and alleviates many forms of depression. Bartko and Eccles found that youth who are highly involved in sport are more “psychologically resilient,” that is, better able to recover from problems. Eccles et al. found that sport participation protects young athletes against social isolation.

(Adaptedfrom: Sport is a way of life, Sun Star Baguio, Jan 10, 2017)

 What is the best title for the passage?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  In addition to improved physical health, sport plays a primarily positive role in youth development, including improved academic achievement, higher self- esteem, fewer behavioural problems, and better psychosocial development. Many studies focus on the effects of sport on the five “C’ s” - competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring The many facets of playing sport - the discipline of training, learning teamwork, following the leadership of coaches and captains, learning to lose - provide lifelong skills for athletes.

  The literature on youth sport stresses the positive effects of participation in learning the important life skills of goal setting and time management combined with enjoyment; the development of a strong sense of morality; and the development of an appreciation of diversity. Studies have shown that children and youth participating in sport, when compared to peers who do not play sport, exhibit higher grades, expectations, and attainment; greater personal confidence and self-esteem; greater connections with school — that is, greater attachment and support from adults; stronger peer relationships; more academically oriented friends; greater family attachment and more frequent interactions with parents; more restraint in avoiding risky behaviour; and greater involvement in volunteer work.

  Sport provides opportunities for children and youth to engage in valuable and positive relationships with adults. Thus, it is a missed opportunity for children who are “gated” - or not included in sport - during early stages of childhood because they are less well behaved than other children. These children are being prevented from participating in the very thing that could help them learn to control and regulate their behaviour. Sport provides an opportunity for children to safely navigate and negotiate between right and wrong as they learn to interact with peers and adults. Research by Taliaferro et al. suggests that playing sport can even protect against suicide risk in youth. Compared to nonathletes, male athletes exhibit lower levels of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Young males involved in multiple sports seem to gamer even more protection in this regard. Similar results were found for girls. Research on the role of exercise in adults confirms that it improves mood and alleviates many forms of depression. Bartko and Eccles found that youth who are highly involved in sport are more “psychologically resilient,” that is, better able to recover from problems. Eccles et al. found that sport participation protects young athletes against social isolation.

(Adaptedfrom: Sport is a way of life, Sun Star Baguio, Jan 10, 2017)

 Whose study suggests that sport players are more able to feel better after unpleasant events than others?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  In addition to improved physical health, sport plays a primarily positive role in youth development, including improved academic achievement, higher self- esteem, fewer behavioural problems, and better psychosocial development. Many studies focus on the effects of sport on the five “C’ s” - competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring The many facets of playing sport - the discipline of training, learning teamwork, following the leadership of coaches and captains, learning to lose - provide lifelong skills for athletes.

  The literature on youth sport stresses the positive effects of participation in learning the important life skills of goal setting and time management combined with enjoyment; the development of a strong sense of morality; and the development of an appreciation of diversity. Studies have shown that children and youth participating in sport, when compared to peers who do not play sport, exhibit higher grades, expectations, and attainment; greater personal confidence and self-esteem; greater connections with school — that is, greater attachment and support from adults; stronger peer relationships; more academically oriented friends; greater family attachment and more frequent interactions with parents; more restraint in avoiding risky behaviour; and greater involvement in volunteer work.

  Sport provides opportunities for children and youth to engage in valuable and positive relationships with adults. Thus, it is a missed opportunity for children who are “gated” - or not included in sport - during early stages of childhood because they are less well behaved than other children. These children are being prevented from participating in the very thing that could help them learn to control and regulate their behaviour. Sport provides an opportunity for children to safely navigate and negotiate between right and wrong as they learn to interact with peers and adults. Research by Taliaferro et al. suggests that playing sport can even protect against suicide risk in youth. Compared to nonathletes, male athletes exhibit lower levels of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Young males involved in multiple sports seem to gamer even more protection in this regard. Similar results were found for girls. Research on the role of exercise in adults confirms that it improves mood and alleviates many forms of depression. Bartko and Eccles found that youth who are highly involved in sport are more “psychologically resilient,” that is, better able to recover from problems. Eccles et al. found that sport participation protects young athletes against social isolation.

(Adaptedfrom: Sport is a way of life, Sun Star Baguio, Jan 10, 2017)

 Which of the followings is NOT prevented as a result of playing sports?